C17th Arctic whaling

C17th Arctic whaling

Editorial history

15/10/12: CSG created page

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Suggested links

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PhD Forum Themes
Whalers exempt from impress, 1654

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Mentioned in case

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Animals and technology

Boyler

Cape whale

- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)

Furnace

- "this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch and ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces and other materialls in their ships, and not being permitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary"

Jubartas

- "comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)

• Colin: Jubartas are fin back whales found in the North Atlantic. Also known as humpback or Jupiter whales

Launce

- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances

Pinke

- "did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)

- "In the Atlantic Ocean the word pink was used to describe any small ship with a narrow stern, having derived from the Dutch word pincke. They had a large cargo capacity, and were generally square rigged. Their flat bottoms (and resulting shallow draught) made them more useful in shallow waters than some similar classes of ship. They were most often used for short-range missions in protected channels, as both merchantmen and warships." (See Wikipedia article: Pink)

• • Colin: CAN SOMEONE FIND A BETTER SOURCED DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF AN ATLANTIC PINK(E)?

Right whale

Eubalaena glacialis with calf

- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.

- Weighs 40-80 tonnes
- Scientific name: Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776)
- Current worldwide population estimate: 300

• Colin: See NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources; North Atlantic right whale fact sheet

• Colin: See NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources: North Atlantic right whale photographs and videos

Sea horse (?walrus)

- "(on Hope Island) the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)

- "about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)

-"A little further inland we find sea-horses, as the English call them, sea-cows, as the French say, and sea-elephants, as we could say, for they resemble these almost in size of body, and on account of the great teeth they have in their mouth.

They have much fat from which to make grease, but the skin, although it is enormously thick, and has been found to weigh here 400lb., is worth very little, because it is too full of blisters. But the teeth are worth all the more, being estimated of greater value than ivory"

The value of the teeth relative to the blubber or fat of the walrus can be seen by the willingness of the flemish captain to give Damarell the blubber of the sea horses he had killed, having himself taken the teeth (HCA 13/71 f.486v)

Two men on Damarell's ship argued over two walrus teeth which seem to have been overlooked by the flemings:

(Edmond Reynolds, cooper) "two of the land men belonging to the sayd shipp had some difference betweene decks about two teeth of a sea horse which they had found upon the sayd Island, and the master hearing them, called them up upon the deck and to him, and told them that hee heard they had gott some teeth a shoare, and required them to deliver them to him, and take them they must not thinke to carry any more teeth home with them than they had in their heades" (HCA 13/71 f.487r)

John Ely, a Bermondsey mariner, provided a detailed account of the landmen of the Owners Adventure at work on Hope Island stripping blubber from the dead walruses.

"23. ...................................................................... the sayd Damerell
24. roved up and downe at Sea after dutch shipps consorting with them upon
25. now designes following then to a place called hope island where the dutch
26. having killed about a hundred sea horses and taken their teethe leaving the
27. carcasses on shoare the damorell caused thirteene lande men hee
28. had on board and belonging to this shipp to be putt on shoare in the sayd Island
29. to blubber the Carcases of the sayd sea horses that is to take off their
30. skinnes and take the fatt of them and bring it aboard in boates to make
31. oyle of, and saith that the sea running high the when the sayd men were
32. putt on shoare and while other of the shipps company (sea men) passed to
33. and froe in boates to bring the sayd blubber or fatt aboard, they were
34. exceedeingly mett with the violence of the seas beating upon them and
35. for want of other refreshments many both of the said land and sea men
36. fell sick of the scurvie, and some of them dyed......................."

- HCA 13/71 f.466v Case: Batson against Goslin and others; Deposition: 1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares; Date: 18/12/1656. Transcribed by Jill Wilcox.

Shallop (small boat)

Small boats were used by Europeans when whaling in Arctic waters from the C16th onwards into the early C20th.

Below is a small whaling boat from the southern hemisphere, near Eden, New South Wales, in the early C20th. The design may well differ from the mid-C17th English shallops, but the crew size matches the deponents descriptions of a harpooner, four rowers, and a steersman.

Question

Laura: In the deposition I am working on the deponent states that he and his company:

"did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)

I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships/boats just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura

Answer

Colin: The above description suggests that the sailing ships were led or towed through the broken ice field by crew from the ships rowing in the five or six shallops which were part of the whaling ship's equipment. Shallopps could be hauled across ice, assisted by planks and oars, if the ice became too thick, but not the larger sailing ships. Presumably the crewmen in the shallops, when leading the sailing ships, used oars and planks to fend off floating ice.

The vulnerability of the wooden whaling ships is clear from a dramatic account of damage to the bow of Captain Pybus' ship, the Adventure of Hull, given in the deposition of Edmond Reynolds, the cooper on the Owners Adventure, who helped save the ship. Carpenters from all the ships close to the Adventure of Hull helped save and repair it after they had worked their way out of the ice and Pybus' ship was in great danger of sinking:

- (Edmond Reynolds, cooper) "the sayd Pybus his shipp having receaved hurt in her bowe by Ice, and proveing thereby very leakie in soe much that she was in XXX great danger of sinkeing (and (or her company sayd) had taken nyne foote water XX holes, the sayd damsell with his Company XX the Owners Adventure XXXXXXXX did assiste the other three London shipps in cleering the sayd Pybus his shipp of the sayd walXX XXXXXXed, and sent his the sayd Damerells Carpenter and Carpenters mate aboard her to helpe to stopp her leake" (HCA 13/71 ff.486v-487r)

Captain Pybus's own deposition makes clear how close his ship was to sinking after being damaged by ice, After describing the blow in her bow from a "peece of ice which made a hole therein" he stated:

- (Captain John Pybus) "shee tooke much water into hold, and was almost ready to sinke before it was perceived, and had perished thereby had not this deponent by good fortune stopped the hole with a rugg till some of the Owners Adventures Company and her carpenter (they being alsoe gotten out of the Ice) came aboard and helped to stopp the leake and some of the Company of every of the other three shipp came alsoe aboard and helped to bale and pumpe and cleere her of the water receaved
" (HCA 13/71 f.587v)

There are accounts in the 1H C17th of Dutch ships being crushed in the ice off Spitsbergen and Mauritius island (in the north-west of Spitsbergen, where the Dutch settlement of Smerenburg was located.

Shallopps were flexible craft, and could be hauled onto and over ice floes if necessary:

"In the evening we rowed out in the shallop, in order to see whether there was nothing to be got, proceeding some distance in the West Bay, until we could get no further on account of the ice, when we climbed high up on the mountains, and could — strange to say — see no ice outside the bay ; but in the bay itself and in the N. all was ice. Upon our return we found our passage cut off and entirely ice-bound, so that we had with great difficulty to drag our shallop through and over it. We were almost resolved to haul our shallop on to some ice-floes, which were fast to the ground some seven or eight fathoms deep, and betake ourselves to land across the ice-floes by means of planks and oars."

Train oil (alt. Trane; Traine; Traen; Oile; Oyle; Oyl)

From the Dutch "traen", referring to "tears." Train oil was a certain type of oil produced from certain parts of processed whales, and used for lighting. References can be found in other HCA documents to "Traine Oyle", for example:

"y:e said Grove did Lade on board y:e said Ship at Newfound Land about six hogsheads of Traine Oyle, w:ch was there stowed inn the Lazaretto or y:e fore?peeke of the said Ship, and there Continued untill it was unladen at Nevis" (HCA 13/73 Part Two)

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Crews

Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:

"unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay." (Appleby, 2008: 45)

Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)

• Colin: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)

Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in Batson against Goslin and others.

Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)

• Colin: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.

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People

J. Segersz, van der Brugge's "Journael," 1635, 'dic op Spitsbergen Overwintert zijn', p. 31

Edward Ashmore

- Of Saint Mary Matsellon (alisa Whitechappell), butcher, aged 42

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

SEE: PROB 11/365/1 Will of Richard Ashmore, Butcher of Deptford, Kent 07 January 1681

Richard Batson

- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).

- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).

- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland." However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.

When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants. When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.

- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.

- SEE ALSO: "21 July 1641 -- Petition of Sir Robert Mansell, Vice-Admiral of England: notwithstanding the order of the 13th of May last, confirming to petitioner the sole right of making glass, Richard Batson and others have in contempt imported great quantities of glasses."

- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden). J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.

- SEE ALSO: "Deed to lead to the uses of a common recovery

(i) Sir Thomas Bendish of Steeple Bumpstead Baronet, John Bendish son of Sir Thomas Bendish, his wife Martha Bendish
(ii) Richard Batson of London, merchant, Thomas Batson the younger of London, merchant
(iii) Thomas Plampin of London, silkman and and Francis Pemberton of the Inner Temple, London

In consideration of the marriage of John Bendish and Martha, daughter of Richard Batson. Recites marriage settlement of £6000 and articles of agrrement of 13 July 1663

The manors and lordships of Steeple Bumpstead, Bower Hall, Royley, Robtofts, Bendish, alias Old Hall, Bloyes [Blois] and Waltons, in the parishes of Steeple Bumpstead, Ridgewell, Hempstead, Stambourne, Helions Bumpstead and Haverhill, farms called Waltons, Old Hall, Old Parke, New Parke, an unnamed farm in the tenure of Robert Bun, Stambourne Farm, Bloyes, Smith Green, the Mill Ground, farms in the tenure of Mrs Perry, widow, Dean Farm, unnamed farms in the tenure of Richard Pepys, John Renolds, Thomas Arnett, Thomas Fitch, George Whale and all other messuages owned by Sir Thomas Bendish and John Bendish in the above parishes"
(https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/ViewCatalogue.aspx?ID=146017 Essex Record Office: Estate and Family Records: Miscellaneous deeds and maps of Essex: D/DQ 41/39 2 October 1663)

SEE: 4 An account of Greenland from Capt. Lancelott Anderson,
a Hull merchant who has made thirty-three voyages thither.
British Museum, MS. Sloane, 3986, ff. 78, 79.
- Lancelott Anderson was a whaling captain of
Hull. He was on the whaling ship which rescued
in May, 1631, the eight English whalemen who had
been left behind on Spitsbergen the previous year,
and were the first to winter there. 1 He is also
mentioned in a list of those engaged in the whaling
in 1654.

Mr Gray was one of the crew of the Salutation,
Captain Mason, which was at the Spitsbergen fishery
in 1630. He wrote an account of the whale fishery,
which is in the Register Book of the Royal Society
(1662-3), entitled, " The Manner of the Whale-
fishing in Greenland, given by Mr Gray to Mr
Oldenburg for the Society."

http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/j-travis-james-travis-jenkins/a-history-of-the-whale-fisheries--from-the-basque-fisheries-of-the-tenth-centur-hci/page-9-a-history-of-the-whale-fisheries--from-the-basque-fisheries-of-the-tenth-centur-hci.shtml

Yarmouth primary sources

CUST 97: Outport Records: Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Southwold:
- This series contains outport records from Yarmouth, Lowestoft and Southwold. Comprising orders etc. of the Board of Customs and the Board of Customs and Excise to the Collectors at Yarmouth, 1662 to 1914, Lowestoft, 1862 to 1900 and Southwold, 1709 to 1720, 1748 to 1819. Letter books, collectors to board, Yarmouth, 1684 to 1917, Lowestoft, 1866 to 1908 and Southwold, 1709 to 1722, 1795 to 1827. General letter books, 1790 to 1945 and order and report books, 1723 to 1831, of the collector, Yarmouth, together with order books, 1816 to 1888, of the Tide Surveyor there and miscellaneous registers and orders, mainly concerning staff, 1777 to 1905. Letter books, Lowestoft, general, 1876 to 1896, wreck, 1871 to 1888 and Board of Trade, 1904 to 1908 are also part of the series.
- http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C5673, viewed 27/01/13

E 190/493/14 THE PORT OF YARMOUTH. Port: YARMOUTH Official: Controller Overseas. 48 fos. Xmas 1662 - Xmas 1663
- http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C828797, viewed 27/01/13

E 190/586/7 : THE PORT OF YARMOUTH. Port: YARMOUTH Official: Customer and Controller Coastal.: 17 fos.: Xmas 1647 - Xmas 1648
- http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C828786, viewed 27/01/13

SP 46/96/fo4 Order of the Navy Committee, in the dispute between the Fellowship of Merchants for the Discovery of New Trades and certain merchants of Yarmouth, that for the next four years the whale fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland [Spitsbergen] shall be reserved solely for the Fellowship, and the rest of the coast left free for the Yarmouth merchants Copy. 1645 Apr. 12

ADM 106/315/176 Captain A. Beare, Master Attendant, Woolwich. Yesterday the Yarmouth was in Gallions and with the help of boatswain Downing and some riggers he eventually got her down to Half Way Tree, anchored, tacked the ship in Erith Reach 9 times, and despite two ships running ashore, the Yarmouth is now safely moored in Longreach. 1675 Jun 2

Possible Batson records

• Volume 67, March 1-17, 1654, 01 March 1654-17 March 1654

"85. , with orders to them to attend on Friday, and note of Hum. Beane and Rich. Batson to attend for Mr. Batson and co. [1 page . ] March 16. 86. Petition of Anne Countess of Lauderdale to the Subscribers-only content:

• "March 8. (1653/54) 42. Proposals delivered [by Mr. Whitwell] on the rules of the

Committee of Council about the Greenland trade.

1. That in the quorum of seven of the committee, there should be
one of each interest, unless those having notice neglect to appear.

2. That notice of those intending to ship to Greenland should be
given in before 10 March.

3. That the Muscovy Company and Hull Adventurers should have
2/3 of this year's fishing, and Horth, Batson, and Whitwell the other 1/3.

4. That as the fishing season draws near, the names of the proposed
committee be given in at Founders' hall next Thursday, and that
they meet each Tuesday and Thursday. With request for protection
from impress for the mariners and harpooners to be employed.
[1 page.]"

SEE: p. 16, CSPD: 1654 (London, 1880):
- http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n63/mode/2up, viewed 12/01713

• "March 9. (1653/54) 46. Edw. Whitwell to Wm. Jessop, Whitehall. I send you 4

London. names ; Arnold Beake, Thos. Muschamp, John Warner, and Edw.
Whitwell, in whom our friends are willing to confide. Also names
of 21 persons of such consequence to the [Greenland] voyage that
it would be overthrown without them ; they should be saved from
impress. Mr. Perkins has always been of the Muscovy company.
[2/3 page.]

March 9. 47. Rich. Batson to Thos. Horth. Let Ald. Ashe know that I
desire myself and Hum. Beane to be of the Committee. [Scrap.]

March 9. 48. List by Thos. Horth of adventurers for Greenland. Thos.
Meadowes of Yarmouth, Major Robert Huntingdon, Thos Horth,
sen., Thos. Horth, jun. [Scrap.]

SEE: p. 17, CSPD: 1654 (London, 1880)
- http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n65/mode/2up, viewed 12/01/13

• "March 15. (1653/54) 84. Order in the Committee for Greenland, on presentation of

names of persons to attend this Committee, that Fras. Ashe, John
Dickons, and Hugh Norris attend for the Muscovy Company ; for
Edw. Whitwell and co., John Warner, and Edw. Whitwell ; for Thos.
Horth, and CO., Thos. Horth, sen., and for Rich. Perkins, Fras. Pargiter.
[Draft, 1 page.] Annexing,

84. i. List of 'natives presented by the Muscovy Company for their
committee, viz., Ashe, Dickons, and Norris, Steven Whyte,
and Phil. Colley. [Scrap.]

84. ii. Note by Rich, Hawkins of names drawn by the Hull
Adventurers for their committee, viz. : Roger Drayton,
John Jolliffe, Geo. Poyner, Fras. Pargiter, Rob. Cumminge.
[Scrap.]

March 15. 85. List of the names accepted, with orders to them to attend on
Friday, and note of Hum. Beane and Rich. Batson to attend for
Mr. Batson and co. [1 page.]"

SEE: p.30, CSPD: 1654 (London, 1880)
- http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n77/mode/2up, viewed 12/01/13

• "[April] 98. Ordinance for regulation of the Greenland fishing, that Fras.

Ashe and 9 others nominated by the Muscovy Company, Arnold
Becke and 3 others by Whitwell, Thos. Medowes and 4 others by
Horth, Hum. Beane and 2 others by Batson, and Rich. Eccleston, and
Rob. Ostler by the Hull Company, be the Committee to receive the
adventurers' lists and securities, direct the ships, settle the dividends,
&c, according to the regulations already proposed. [Draft, 6 sheets.]

SEE: p.136, CSPD: 1654 (London, 1880)
- http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/135/mode/2up, viewed 12/01/13

• Essex Record Office: D/DHf F48: Receipts, 1663-1666: Receipts between Sir Thomas Bendish and Richard Batson and Jonathan Dawes in settlement of a marriage portion.

• Essex Record Office: D/DHf F49: Release: 22 January 1675/76: Release by Sarah Bridgewood of London, spinster, granddaughter of Richard Batson, late citizen and cutler of London deceased to Sir John Bendysh and Dame Martha his wife, only surviving daughter of Richard Batson's estate

• Essex Record Office: D/DHt T49/21: sale: 1 October 1663: Sir Thomas Bendish, baronet and John Bendish, his s. & h.; Sale by Sir Thomas Bendish, baronet and John Bendish, his s. & h., Richard Batson, and Thomas Batson, jun., merchants of London: Manors of Steeple Bumpstead, `Bower Hall', `Royley', Robtofts', `Bendish or Old Hall', `Bloys' and `Waltons', with lands in the Bumpstead Ridgewell, Stambourne, Hempstead and Haverhill.

• Charles II - volume 111, January 20-31, 1665, 20 January 1665-31 January 1665

- 121. ] [Jan. 24. ] Reference to Dr. Exton, judge of the Admiralty Court, on the petition of Rich. Batson, merchant, requiring him to take such order as is consistent with the rules of the court, or report his Subscribers-only content

Humfrey Beane

- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)

- Colin: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."

- Colin (07/11/12): Humphrey Beane's commercial interests included the Barbados and Virginia trade, as can be seen from the case of XXXX, later in HCA 13/71. In this case, Beane is described as part-owner of the XXX, a ship seized by the Portuguese with a cargo of XXX black slaves (HCA 13/71 ff.XYY-XXX)

- Colin: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank et al. (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."

• (From Strype) "Humfrey Beane of London, Esq; Jan. 17. Anno salvationis Mundi 1679. ætat. suæ 66.

Who after he had liv'd to see
In two Worlds much Vanity:
But in the Third he is at Rest
With the Eternal, and there blest.
A God he did believe to be
Triune in one and Veritie.
His Form is ceast, his Life cant dy;
But's gon from Time into Eternity.
So that blest Soul hath tane his Flight
From earthly Body into Heaven's Light.
Where he in Glory now's at Liberty,
To praise the Lord to all Eternity.

[This Beane fined for Alderman, and was of the Sect of the Sweet Singers; and some of that Society, I suppose, made these Verses for him.]

SEE: http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book4_056, viewed 12/01/13

• "House of Commons Journal Volume 7, 7 October 1659, 07 October 1659-07 October 1659

next following. Colonel White reports from the Commissioners for bringing in the Arrears of the Revenue, The Proposition of Humfrey Beane , laid down in his Petition to the said Commissioners; That having addressed himself to the said Commissioners; and..."

• "Charles II - volume 151, March 13-23, 1666, 13 March 1666-23 March 1666

Hope, for which not one warrant is yet received. [ Adm. Paper . ] March 21. Tower Hill. 93. Humphrey Beane to Sam. Pepys. Sends bills for the Royal Exchange and Constant Katherine; they want assignment on Sir Thos. Player, Subscribers-only content..."

• "Volume 37, June 1653, 01 June 1653-30 June 1653

from Flanders. 23. The petition of Richard Bedwell referred to the Committee for Prisoners. 24. Order on petition of Humphrey Beane, merchant, and the rest of the owners and freighters of the Peace of London, setting forth that being bound Subscribers-only content..."

• "Volume 41, November 1653, 01 November 1653-30 November 1653

Mr. Beane and others, and that Fishman went to look after the ship, and Child as master, both on wages. That she took a Dutch prize, and the Council of State, on 10 June 1653, adjudged thereof to Beane and Subscribers-only content..."

• "Warrants of the Council of State for the Payment of Money, 01 January 1651-31 October 1651

for repairs at Scilly and for the charges of the garrison there. 250 0 0 54 " 28 " Humphrey Beane for Thos. Collingwood. For 8 days' demurrage for the Hercules of Yarmouth while in Scotland. 12 0 0 55 Subscribers-only content..."

Mathew Boulding (alt. Bowlding)

- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)

Thomas Chantry (alt. Chantrie)

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Cooper's mate, of Saint Bottolphe Algate, aged 25

Mr. Richard Child

- Captain of another English whaling ship

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) " the sayd Damerell after hee came from on board the sayd Pybus his shipp as aforesayd kept company with the sayd Pybus and three other London shipps whereof Richard Child William Welch and James Golding were Masters untill about the fifteenth of June last" (HCA 13/71 f.473r)

William Clarkson

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex

- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine

John Colville

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex

- "hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action against the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)

Thomas Damerell

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)

- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))

- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthographical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription, for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dumerill

- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.

- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad." The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.

- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the Adventure, under the command of Captain Wyard.

- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name

John Ely

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656

Maurice ffoarde

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Brewer, aged thirty, hired by Damarell to "to goe a copper man for boyleing of the whales taken the sayd voyage" (HCA 13/71 f.494r)

- Criticised by Thomas Damarell in his deposition, for allegedly giving false testimony in favour of Batson et al. in return for payment of his wages. Damarell deposed that:

"hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth) had not promised to pay him his wages, hee would have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe" (ADD REFERENCE)

Henry ffreeman

- Shipped on the Greyhound

- Lead name in wages suit against Batson et al on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)

James Golding (alt. Goulding)

- Captain of another English whaling ship (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, Welch, and Child)

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) " the sayd Damerell after hee came from on board the sayd Pybus his shipp as aforesayd kept company with the sayd Pybus and three other London shipps whereof Richard Child William Welch and James Golding were Masters untill about the fifteenth of June last" (HCA 13/71 f.473r)

It is William Clarkson, the carpenter of the Owners Adventure, who brings the character of Captain James Golding alive. Thomas Damerell, the Master of The Owners Adventure, had gone aboard Golding's ship, to which he was moored by the ice sheet, to consult with Golding and Welch, another ship's master, to whom he was likewise moored:

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) "the arlate Master Golding (leaning over the Quarter of his own shipp) called to Richard Maundry then aboard the Owners Adventure and sayd thus, or the like in effect, dick, I thinke your Master (meaning the sayd damerell) is madd, for hee hath bin at vs (meaning himselfe and the sayd Master Welch) to worke further into the Ice toward shoare, and seeing our selves to the Northward of our harbour thinke it to gett in, the Ice being soe thick and wee soe farr northerly, that and are therefore mynded to worke out to sea againe" (HCA 13/71 f.473v)

Gowen ?Golderne (alt. Goldagne; Goldegan; Gouldegay; Goldegay; Goldgay; goldigay)

- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)

- Colin: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.

- Colin: It is extremely hard to find commercial reference to Gowen Goldegay (and name variants). He appears in an order from the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, dated May 11 1658, who were trying to recover debts and arrears owing to the late Prize Commissioners from 1653.

• "they find from the late Prize Goods' Commissioners that in 1653, 53,000 lbs. of tobacco, now at Yarmouth, taken in the Hollander of Flushing, was sold to Gowen Goldegay, and by him transferred to others, who refuse to take it away, so that it is perished, and none will buy it, as not being worth customs and excise"

Edward Gosling (alt. Goslin)

- Masters mate and harpooner

Edward Gosling was an experienced mariner and harpooner. Several deponents mention knowing him for between three and seven years, with XXX stating he had been on whaling voyages to Greenland for the last three years (presumably 1654, 1655, and 1656) and XXX stating that he has been with him on several voyages in several different ships in the last six or seven years. XXXX further states that from hearsay Gosling had been involved in Greenland whaling for many years before 1654,

- (XXXX, XXXX) "hee hath known the arlate Gosling and Marner for these 3 yeares last past during which tyme they have used the ffishing trade at Greenland (and as hee hath heard, for many yeares before that)" (HCA 13/71 f.376v)

- (John Ely, mariner) "hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation" (HCA 13/71 f.467r)

- (John Colville, mariner and gunner) "hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)

Edward Gosling was a known quantity to Richard Batson, having been on several past voyages on behalf of Batson & Company:

- (Richard Batson, merchant) "he beleeveth y:e sd Gosling did goe to Greeneland on severall voiages for this rendent 1ne Comp:ie"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))

John Colville, the carpenter of the Owners Adventure confirms that Gosling has shipped before for Batson, saying he

- "beleeveth that hee hath gone former voyages to Greeneland for the sayd Batson" (HCA 13/73 f.473v (actually f.472v))

Moreover, Batson clearly knew Gosling personally:

"after such time as the sd ship arlate arrived at Blackwall this rendent did give the sd Gosling a Cup of beere at London & tould him when the ship was discharged he would talke further with him about the voiage in question or to that effect" (HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))

All deponents agree that there was considerable friction between Gosling and Thomas Damerell, the Master of the Owners Adventure and commander of the Greyhound:

- "after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)

Laura: Gosling's 'mutinous mammer'. There is quite a good passage describing Gosling's refusal to obey orders from f. 480r: Dammerel says of Gosling that he 'did in a mutinous mammer saye thus or the like in effect wee (meaning him selfe and the rest of the Company of the Owners Adventure) will goe noe further, and speaking to this deponent sayde wee will see ye hanged before wee will goe any further with such a roague and a foole'

William Humfrey

- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner

Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639

Richard Kirton

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex

- "[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)

- ""hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)

London whalers

- Colin: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.

- Colin: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.

In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company. Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers. He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.

Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.

Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.

Richard Maundrie (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Masters mate and harpooner

- Colin: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner. Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee." Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.

- Colin: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families. The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the Pilgrimage, was also a Leigh resident. For a profile of the town see Leigh (alias Lee), Essex

- Colin: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656. On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"

- Colin: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.

- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)

Richard Parker

- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure

- "during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)

Master John Pybus (alt. Pibus)

- Captain of another English whaling ship

- The depositions in HCA 13/71 usually referr to "Mr Pibus" or "Mr. Pybus", but the testimony of William Clarkson, the carpenter on the Owners Adventure, refers clearly to "John Pibus" (HCA 13/71 f.473r)

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) " the sayd Damerell after hee came from on board the sayd Pybus his shipp as aforesayd kept company with the sayd Pybus and three other London shipps whereof Richard Child William Welch and James Golding were Masters untill about the fifteenth of June last" (HCA 13/71 f.473r)

- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.

- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the Damasell"

- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."

- The Kent hearth tax returns of 1664 show "Highstreet West (chargeable)...Capt[ain] Thomas Pibus 6 hearths." Highstreet West is listed within East Greenwich in the 1664 Kent hearth tax returns. For selected names from the East Greenwich hearth tax data (merchants, mariners, and individuals who can be matched to surviving Prerogative Court of Canterbury inventories, see East Greenwich hearth tax, 1664

- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the Sovereign.

- A "Captain John Pibus" was the subject of a memorial from the Lords for the King's Council. Pibus had served as master of the Royal Sovereign in the late war, apparently faithfully, and it was now recommended to the King that he benefit from half-pay. An accompanying note to the source states that Pibus was "late commander of the Fanfan yacht."

- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire

Edward Reynolds

- Deponent in HCA 13/71 Batson against Goslin and others

- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London

- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares

William Welch

- Captain of another English whaling ship

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) " the sayd Damerell after hee came from on board the sayd Pybus his shipp as aforesayd kept company with the sayd Pybus and three other London shipps whereof Richard Child William Welch and James Golding were Masters untill about the fifteenth of June last" (HCA 13/71 f.473r)

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The landmen

Ashmore Butcher, aged 42

Chauntrie Cooper's mate, aged 25

ffoarde Brewer, hired as copper man

Kirton Overseer of the landsmen on the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound

Reynolds Cooper

- "To the 14th arle of the sayd allegation hee saith that the arlate Reynolds Channtrie Ashmore Kirton and ffoard are land men and
12. have noe skill in the sea affayres to knowe when it is fitt to carry a shipp in
13. or out of harbour in such a voyage as Greenland is, which required a
14. great deale of judgement and experience and that their busines was only
15. to boyse and manage the ordering of the whales after they were killed and
16. cut up and brought shoare to them" (f.477r (corrected folio from f.477r)

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Places

Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611

Bell point (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v, f.486v)

- "neere Bell Point" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)

- "Bell Pointe in Greeneland" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)

- "did come from there and XXXX and gott upon the Coast of Greeneland aboat the beginning of June, and XXXX then about in this deponents Judgment about fower or five leagues off Bell Point, but which way the harbour XXX XXXXX hee remembreth not" (HCA 13/71 486v)

Bell sound

- ""the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)

- Wikipedia article: Bellsund

- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats""

"Bell Sound itself is a channel which runs far into the land; on the N. side is an island, which can be passed on two sides; opposite this island ther eis a creek in the land. It is a good spot for getting sea-horses, or walruses, which are there in large numbers. Our poeple have been 6 leagues uop this channel, where they found quanttities of seals in sweet water."

Blackwall

- "all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)

- "the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)

- The importance of the east west axis of the Thames in the late C16th and early C17th can be seen from inspection of a strategic map of the river, dated 1588. The river was drawn flowing from right to left, with the Kent banks to the top and the Essex banks to the bottom. Blackwall was prominently named, and was portrayed as the last of a series of defensive points protecting London from incursion by ships coming up the Thames. However, Blackwall was insignificant on the map in terms of size relative to nearby Greenwich, Limehouse and Ratcliffe.

- A 1703 survey of the parish of Saint Dunstan, Stepney, shows Blackwall on the north bank of the Thames, located to the south east of the hamlet of Poplar and to the south west of the East Marsh and the mouth of the River Lea. Houses were located in a strip along the Thames and Blackwall causeway, with the town and yard surrounded almost entirely by unbuilt, marshy fields.

- Robert Adams, Thamesis descriptio, 1588

- Survey of the parish of Saint Dunstan, Stepney, 1703, showing location of Blackwall Yard

- Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740

- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.

- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford

• Colin: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s

• "On the south quay (which measures 1100 feet from east to west) are four cranes for landing guns and heavy stores. On the east quay are conveniencies for receiving blubber from the Greenland ships; and adjoining to the quay, coppers for boiling, and warehouses for storing the whalebone." ('Blackwall: The dock and ship-yard' in Daniel Lysons, 'Stepney', The Environs of London: volume 3: County of Middlesex (1795), pp. 418-488. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45447 Date accessed: 27 January 2013.

Darke Cove (HCA 13/71 f.477v)

Ducke Cove

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) "one reason of the sayd damerells Keepeing company with fflemish shipps was to have their Company to duckes Cove Interrogate, for that hee imployed this deponent (being skilled in the dutch tongue) to speake to them and treate with them about goeing thither, they being desyrous to goe thither if they could, (by reason they could not gett into harbour in Greeneland) but not dareing to goe in thither without leave of the English to whome the fishing of that place belonged" (HCA 13/71 f.272r)

- (Edmond Reynolds, cooper) "whether there were any hopes to gett into harbour at Ducks Cove and the like questions, whereto they [Dutch seamen] answered in broken English, and sayd they sawe none of the English ffleete, and that the Coast was full of Ice toward Ducke Cove and noe hope of getting in there or to that effect" (HCA 13/71 f.487r)

Greene harbour

- "Bell Sound or Greene harbour" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)

- Wikipedia article: Grønfjorden

Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)

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Greeneland

- "at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)

- Wikipedia article: Spitsbergen

Hope islands (HCA 13/71 f.466v)

- "the backside of Greeneland" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)

An assessment of species and habitat of the Spitsbergen archipelago by a Norwegian environmental NGO places the Hope Islands within the "Polar Front", an area of high biological diversity. It suggests that the Thousand and Hope Islands region is of significance for walruses and seals during the winter period.. This accords with the Petermann map of Spitsbergen (1853) which provides Hope Island with the alternative name of "Seahorse Island," seahorses being the early modern English name for walruses.

Point Negro (HCA 13/71 f.475r)

- "Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)

Port of Bell point

the West Ice

- "hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)

- "having bin for some tyme before at a place called Greene Land or the West Ice which is a place where whales resorte in the fore part of the yeare and ˹there her company XXXX˺ shXXXX some whales but lost them by their running nder the Ice they being XXX in such case to cut their warpes to preserve their shallopps and men from being towed under the Ice and drowned and splitt," (HCA 13/71 ff.486r-486v)

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Ships

The Owners Adventure

The Greyhound

Four other "London shipps"

- (Thomas Damarell, Master) "hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)

Dutch shipps

- (Edmond Reynolds, cooper) "in such his passage to and froe did meete with some dutch shipps and ˹some of the Owners Adventures company did˺ after some questions of them hee hath heard whether they sawe any of the what store of Ice there was to the Eastwards, and whether there were any hopes to gett into harbour at Ducks Cove and the like questions" (HCA 13/71 f.487r)

Flemish shipp

- (Edmond Reynolds, cooper) "they mett with a ffleming who laye at Anchor neere hope Island(s)" (HCA 13/71 f.487r)

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Themes

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Arctic navigation and conditions

-"up to the 13th of June, the ice was this year still so firm along the coast and at the mouths of the ports that the ships could not enter; and the snow (which in some places never melts) had by then melted in so few places that the stags or deer could find no nourishment, and were as lean as sticks" (p.25)

- "the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)

- "this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)

- "the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)

- "hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)

Damerell insisted on seeking to get his two ships into shore at Bell Point, whereas Pybus and the other three English captains turned back. It was an unpopular decision, preceived as exceptionally risky by Damerell's two Masters Mates:

- (William Clarkson, carpenter) "hee supposed the danger soe great shee being soe farr in the Ice that the least gale of a Westerly winde would sinke the sayd shipp and stave her to peeces" (HCA 13/71 f.475v)

- "by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch..." (HCA 13/71 500Ar)

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Division of labour

Boatswaines

Richard Parker was the boatswaine on the same boat as the harpooner and master's mate XXXX

Chirugeons

John Avery was a chiruurgeon on the Owners Adventure

Cooper

Edmond Reynolds, a fifty year old cooper on the Owners Adventure described his office or role as follows:

 "hee being to performe his office at Land after fish are taken, and having only XXXX XX XXXXXXXd to him to put it safe into Casks either boyled or bloubered"(HCA 13/71 f.486r)

For a review of early C19th coopers and casks in the whaling trade, see M. Howard (1996).

Copper man

Maurice ffoard, a thirty year old brewer, recorded that Damarell did:

 "hyre this deponent to goe a copper man for boyleing of the whales taken the sayd voyage" (HCA 13/71 f.494r)

Flensers

- No reference to this in Batson vs. Gosline et al

Harponeeres

Land Men

Mariners

Master's Mates

Pilots

Rowers

Steersman

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Economics

Economic organisation of English whaling

See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.

Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).

Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)

Revenue

- "the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)

- "hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)

Lost revenue from failed Batson et al whaling adventure

Laura: Threatening the mutinous Gosling that he might have to pay the revenue lost as a result of his actions, Dammerell says to Gosling:

"if the voyage were overthrowne by this his mutinous carriage and endeavoring publiquely to perswade and inclyne the shipps Company to bee disobedient to him this deponent in his commands touching the advance of the sayd voyage the losse that would ensue thereon would bee greater then hee the sayde Gosling or any of his relations were able to make good" (CSG NOTE TO LAURA: Please add folio reference)

Number of whales captured on "successful" adventure of the other four English shipps

- XXXX

Price of whale oil per tonn and whale fins per hundred weight

- "and saith that the sayd blubber being boyled after it came into the River of Thames neere Blackwell, there was eighteene tonne and a halfe of oyle made of the sayd Blubber which the fXXXXX hee in his Judgment and estimate valueth to bee worth sixteene or eighteene pounds sterling a tonne, and beleeveth the sayd finnes (being as hee guesseth them about 14 or 15 hundred weight) are worth in this deponents Judgment ˹twenty or˺ thirty shillings of like money a hundred" (HCA 13/71 f.486r)

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Monopoly vs. free trade debate

Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.

[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament

Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.

[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.

• "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"

• "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"

(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]

Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.

[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers

Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.

Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing

• "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000l., 12,900 l. being within 18 months..."

Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.

Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.

• "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross

Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."

(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee

Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.

Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland

Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland

Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.

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Trade and political rivalry

The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)

By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)

There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)), and also the whalers of Yarmouth in Norfolk. Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37). The Yarmouth men claimed monopoly rights to supply Scottish customers with whale products.

Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)

Attempt by English Muscovy company to persuade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)

The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."

The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).

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Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657

April 1656

12th

• (Avery) "the sayd shipps Companyes sett sayle with the sayd vessells from Gravesend about the twelveth of Aprill one thousand sixe hundred fifty sixe bound for Greeneland" (HCA 13/71 f.499r)

14th

• (of the Greyhound) "the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)

May 1656

• Hunting unsuccessfully for whales in the "West Ice", to the west of the land mass of what is now called Spitsbergen (see deposition of Edmond Reynolds, the cooper on the Owners Adventure, HCA 13/71 f.486v)

June 1656

• Came from the "West Ice" to the coast of Greeneland (Spitbergen) at the beginning of June, coming close to Bell Point, south of Bell Sound

- "gott upon the Coast of Greeneland aboat the beginning of June" (Deposition of Edmond Reynolds, the cooper on the Owners Adventure, HCA 13/71 f.486v)

• Sayled northwards up the coast towards Bell Sound, where met with four other English shipps. All six ships attempted to enter Bell Sound, which was a favourite whale hunting location for the English at that time

2nd

• (William Clarkson, carpenter) "the sayd shipp upon or about the second day of June 1656 was by the arlate Maundry Gosling and the rest of her Company brought within three or fower leagues ˹of Bell Point˺ the Port then bearing North East of the sayd shipp" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)

- Captain Damerell went on board captain Pybus' ship, and stays there for eight to ten hours, when he returned to the Owners Adventure (HCA 13/71 f.473r correct folio no)
- Damerell called from Pybus' ship to his two ships for them to follow Pybus ship, which they did for eight to ten hours, whils sailing eight to ten leagues (HCA 13/71 f.473r corrected folio no)

2nd-15th

• The Owners Adventure and the Greyhound kept the company of the other four London ships until the 15th of June (HCA 13/71 f.473r corrected folio no)

15th

• "hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps predeposed" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)

- All six ships wrought into the ice for 20 hours, covering seven or eight leagues (HCA 13/71 f.473r corrected folio no)
- "the Ice proveing thick and troublesome, and being gott soe farr, the Masters of all the sayd shipps seeing the ice ˹soe˺ thick and their Companys that they could not at present worke with any conveniencie worke further in) did give Command to their Companies to make fast to the Ice, and thereupon the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Welch and Goldings shipps made made fast all togeather board and board and soe lay for about sixteene howers videlicet till the seaventeenth day June last on which day the sayd damerell went on board the sayd Goldings shipp (on board which the sayd Welch ˹then˺ alsoe was)" (HCA 13/71 f.473r corrected fol. no; & HCA 13/71 f.473v corrected fol. no)

• (Perkins) " the Owners Adventure and Greyhound kept company with the Merchants Adventure and three other London shipps in her company whereof Pybus Welch and Child were Masters till the fifteenth of the sayd Moneth of June, on which day all the sayd sixe shipps began to worke into the Ice togeather, and with much labour (by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice toward shoare) did in about twenty fower howers space gett about tenn leagues (in this deponents Judgement) into the Ice towards shore" (HCA 13/71 f.589r)

17th

- (Clarkson) (On the 17th) Golding called to William Clakson, the carpenter onboard the Owners Adventure and shouted that Captain Damerell was mad (HCA 13/71 f.473v corrected fol. no.)
- (Clarkson) Gosling came up on deck on the Owners Adventure and disagreed with Damerell's instructions, who was still on Golding's ship. Gosling told Damerell that it was his concerna as much as Damerells where they went, and that when he had byyn hired he had been told that damerell was to do "nothing of any consequences touching the voyage but with the advice of your mates and the rest of the harponeeres" (HCA 13/71 f.473v corrected fol. no.)
- (Clarkson) Damerell came back onto the Owners Adeventure and Gosling continued to argue with him, both using foul language, but meanwhile the ships company went to their shallops and started to work the ship further in through the ice, and subbsequently Gosling obeyed his captain's commands (HCA 13/71 f.474r corrected fol. no.)
- (Clarkson) "wrought thereabout for the space of sixteene howers videlicet from that tyme on the seaventeenth of June last when they left the company of the other fower shipps untill the 18th of the same and in that tyme wrought her about fower myles from the other shipps further into the Ice" (HCA 13/71 f.474r corrected fol. no.)

- "heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)

- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)

18th

- (Clarkson) Dammerell then called a halt, and, in a quandry, announced that he would now do whatever the four other ships were doing. Since they were heading out to sea, he accordingly ordered the ship to do likewise (HCA 13/71 f.474r corrected fol. no.)

- "the sayd damerell with his shipps the Owners Adventure and Greyhound˹being gott out to sea upon or about the eighteenth of June last˺ and the sayd Pybus his Leake mended the sayd damerell kept Company with the sayd Pibus and the other three London shipps from the sayd 18th of..." ADD REST OF SENTENCE FROM f.476r (HCA 13/71 f.475v)

Post 18th

• Assisted the saving of Mr Pybus's ship, whose bow had been badly damaged by ice

• (Clarkson) After the 18th stayed together with other ships for "divers dayes" and attempted to put into the ice towards harbour again and "entered a little way in, but the weather pressing on a suddaine extraordinary thick and hard gale of winde blowing, they were all forced out to sea againe" (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

- Clarkson states they ships stayed together for "divers" days, Perkins states for "about a fortnights tyme", and Pybus states that the ships lost contact with each other on July 3rd
SEE: (Perkins) "upon the eighteenth of June last the other fower shipps and alsoe the Owners Adventure and Greyhound gott out of the Ice to sea and were in Company all togeather att Sea as is predeposed, and soe continued in Company about a fortnights tyme" (HCA 13/71 f.590r)

• (Clarkson) Separated from the four English ships in foggy and stormy weather, and damerell's ships were "driven to Sea about 46 leagues from shoare" and never remet the four other English ships (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

• (Clarkson) "after the 17th day of June last there there was not varianse betwixt the sayd damerell and his Mates or any other of his Command, and her Company ˹touching the sayd voyage˺ but they were all obedient to his Command, and hee might and did goe with the sayd shipp whether hee pleased" (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

• (Clarkson) Damerell met two flemish ships and did "make consortshipp with the sayd fflemings to show them the way to Point Negro being a point to the Eastward beyond ducks Cove where hee supposed great store of fish to bee, which the sayd fflemings did in the English tongue thanke him for, and gave him a cheese, and the sayd damerell did accordingly goe to the Eastward with the sayd fflemings but could not make any harbour there, ˹and˺ by reason there being alsoe very great quantities of Ice" (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

• (Clarkson) Clarkson was "verily persuaded in his conscience that the losse of the voyage in question was by the default of the sayd damerell in goeing to the Eastward as aforesayd, and by his chaseing all fish that hee sawe spowte, and thereby loosing his oportunities by often following them farr from the edge of the Ice and not keeping neere the Ice to see when an oportunitie offered to gett in towards shoare" (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

• Met several Dutch ships and asked about the condition of the ice

• Sailed to Hope Islands, in the south-east of Spitsbergen ("backside of Greenland), where encountered a flemmish ship, and was permitted to remove surplus blubber from walrus carcasses, which had been slaughtered for their tusks

July 1656

3rd

• (Pybus) "after the third of July when this deponent and the other shipps lost the Company of the sayd damerell as aforesayd this deponent found the Ice thinner and better to passe than it was before" (HCA 13/71 f.589r)

13th

• (Clarkson) "hee hath heard severall of the Companyes of the sayd fower London shipps since their returne from the voyage in question saye, that (after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound at sea as aforesayd) they did about the thirteenth of July last gett into harbour and kill whales and make a good voyage" (HCA 13/71 f.475r corrected folio no.)

September 1656

14th

• "y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)

October/November 1656

• Alleged note drawn up by Richard Batson, which it is claimed he demanded crew members sign if they were to receive their wages. The note allegedly blamed Gosling for the failure of the whaling adventure

December 1656

First depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)

18th

Deposition of John Ely, mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, aged 28 (HCA 13/71)

23rd

Deposition of Thomas Damerell, Master of the Owners Adventure and commander of the Greyhound, of Limehouse, aged 3X (HCA 13/71)

29th

Deposition of John Colvile, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 36 (HCA 13/71)

January 1657

Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)

1st

Deposition of Edmond Reynolds, Cooper of the Owners Adventure, of Saint Botolph Algate, aged 50

3rd

Deposition of William Clarkson, carpenter on the Owners Adventure, of Shadwell in Stepney, aged 29 (HCA 13/71)

7th

Deposition of Thomas Chauntrell, cooper and cooper's mate on the owners Adventure, Saint Botolph Algate, aged 25

9th

Deposition of Edward Ashmore, butcher and land man, of Saint Mary Matsellon (Whitechapel), aged 42

?

Deposition of Maurice ffoard, brewer and land man, ofShadwell in Stepney, aged 30

16th

The "personall Answeres of Richard Batson Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay Made to the Allegation apud Arla and Schedule given in on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others" (HCA 13/128)

29th

Deposition of Richard Kirton, overseer of the land men on the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 40 (HCA 13/71)

February 1667

?8th

"The personal Answeres of Richard Batson Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue made to the prsuance of an All:on given in ag:t him in behalfe of Edward Gosling & Richard Mandrye" (HCA 13/128)

12th

Deposition of Lovewell Luckett, mariner, of Saint Olave Southwark, aged 22

13th

"The psonall Answeres of Richard Batson made to the posicons of an All:on ag:t him on the behalfe of Edward Gosling in the Cause of wages" (HCA 13/128)

16th

Deposition of Jeramie Jolley, rope maker, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 38

28th

Deposition of John Pibus, mariner, master of the ship the Adventure of Hull, of Greenwich, aged 44

March 1657

2nd

Deposition of Nicholas Perkins, mariner, of Wapping in Stepney, aged 40 ("cheife Mate and Pylott of the Merchants Adventure of London the voyage in question of which shipp James Golding was Master" (HCA 13/71 f.589r)

April 1657

1st

Deposition of John Avery, chirugeon, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 22 (HCA 13/71 ff.599r-601v

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Ice conditions

• (Pybus) "To the 16th hee saith that those that goe to Greeneland in such yeeres as any store of Ice is there, must waite all opportunities of the opening of the Ice, or its driving to the Northwards thereby the better to get into harbour./" (HCA 13/71 f.589r)

• (Pybus) "after the third of July when this deponent and the other shipps lost the Company of the sayd damerell as aforesayd this deponent found the Ice thinner and better to passe than it was before" (HCA 13/71 f.589r)

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Wages

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Wage rates and structures on the Owners Adventure (Thomas Damerell Master, 1656)

John Avery, chirurgeon of the Owners Adventure

• "hee [John Avery] is promised nothing but expecteth to receive his wages of the sayd Batson his wages due for the sayd voyage after the rate of fifty five shillings a month" (HCA 13/71 f.600v)

- For comparative data on chirurgeon's monthly wages in the 1650s and 1660s see:

-- "'p. 14 Men's wages for this voyage

[EXTRACT]

To John kinge Cheife mate [mo: ds] 9:9 at 03li: 05:s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £29: XX
To John ffisher Carpenter [mo: ds] 9:9 at 02li: 15s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £25: XX
To Edw:d Aggus Gunner [mo: ds] 9:9 at 02li: 05s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £20: XX
To Barth: Cole Boatsw: [mo: ds] 9:9 at 02li: 02s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £19: XX
To Jonathan Loveday Chirurgion [mo: ds] 8: 26 at 02li: 05s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £19: XX
To Thomas Lutton Carprs mate [mo: ds] 8: 24 at 01li: 18s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £16: XX
To John Upshott Cooper [mo: ds] 9: 5 at 01li: 15s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £16: XX
To phillip Henley Cooke [mo: ds] 9: 5 at 01li: 08s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £12: XX
To John Jackson Gunners mate [mo: ds] 9: 5 at 01li: 06s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £11: XX
...
To John puford Seaman [mo: ds] 9: 5 at 01li: 03s: 0d p month [TOTAL] £10: XX"

NOTE: John Puford is given as an example here. Eleven men are identified in the wages schedule as "seamen" with time served varying between the full voage (9 months 5 days; two at 4 months 24 days; 2 at 8 months 24 days; and 4 at between 3 months 0 days and 3 months 13 days. The wage rates vary only very slightly for seamen per month, from 01li: 02d: 0d to 01li: 10s: 0d)

---(Loveday was on the Leghorne Merchant chartered by the London merchant Daniell Gates, and captained by David hamilton of Limehouse, Middlesex. Voyage accounts have survivied with a full manifest of the crew's wages on their nine month voyage from London to Malaga, to Genoa, to Legorne/Livorno, to Naples, to Messina, to Sephalonia, to Venice, to Zant, and back, possibly via Allicant, to London.

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Wage rates and structures on Greyhound (Thomas Damerell Master, 1656)

HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson.

They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the Greyhound, the pinke which went with the Owners Adventure on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656.

The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:

"they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland"

Crew of the Greyhound

Henry ffreeman
John Burgen
John Gold
Nicholas Taylor
Thomas ffrost
John Clarke
Dennis Yarmouth

The Schedule

The schedule menconed in the Answeres

Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof
recd three pounds in money before he went
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland
as he might to have done there remaine

8:li - 15 - 2

John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought to have done
there remaines

11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10

John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths
so in case he had gone to Greenland and
there pformed what he ought to have done there had
remained

2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6

Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p
moneth whereof recd before hee went out
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe
there remaines in case he had pformed his
voiage as he ought to have done

6:li - 16 - 8

Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before
his goeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to
have done

7:li - 0 - 8

John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe
there remaines in case he had pformed his
voiage as he ought to have done

6:li - 09 - 4

Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought

6:li - 0 - 8

RICHARD BATSON [His signature]
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"

Care needs to be taken when assessing mariners wages and incomes, given the prevalence of side deals, and also the opportunity for private trade. Whaling is no exception.

In his personal answer to Edward Gosling's claim for wages, Richard Batson revealed an incentive scheme for harpooners, steersmen and rowers:

"he answereth & beleeveth that upon every ?thirteene tonne of oyle well made & boiled in Greenland & not otherwise as hee beleeveth there is out of every ?thirteene tonns of oile due to the harponiers stiersman & Rowers the sum of fifteene pounds & not above as he beleeveth & soe afte the same ppocon for a lesser quantity of tonnes but how the same was to be directed amongst them this rendent knoweth not" (HCA 13/128: Answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))

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Incentive scheme for Owners Adventure and Greyhound

• In his personal answer to Edward Gosling's claim for wages, Richard Batson revealed an incentive scheme for harpooners, steersmen and rowers:

"he answereth & beleeveth that upon every ?thirteene tonne of oyle well made & boiled in Greenland & not otherwise as hee beleeveth there is out of every ?thirteene tonns of oile due to the harponiers stiersman & Rowers the sum of fifteene pounds & not above as he beleeveth & soe afte the same ppocon for a lesser quantity of tonnes but how the same was to be directed amongst them this rendent knoweth not" (HCA 13/128: Answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))

- CSG SPECULATION: £15 per persn performance payment per 13 tons of well made and boiled Greenland oil was a considerable sum, when the monthly wages of these men might have been between ??£1:10s and???3:10s, and voyage wages for a five or six moth trip might have been sbetween ?£15 and ?£25

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Comparative data and comment on mariners wages in 1650s and 1660s

• Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)

• Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, Appleby suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)

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Depositions

1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares

- Deposition made on 18/12/1656

"the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."

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2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares

- Deposition made on 29/12/1656 (HCA 13/71 ff.469v-?472v)

- "did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice"

- "the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof"

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3. Thomas Chauntrell of the parish of Saint Bottolphe Algate London Cooper, and Coopers Mate of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question aged twenty five yeares

- Deposition made on 07/01/1656 (57) (HCA 13/71 ff.488v-490r)

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4. Edward Ashmore of Saint Mary Matsellon alias Whitechappell London Butcher aged 42 yeares

- Deposition made on 09/01/1656 (57) (HCA 13/71 ff.490v-4XX)

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5. Maurice ffoard of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and the County of Middlesex Brewer aged thirty yeares

- Deposition made on XX/XX/XX (HCA 13/71 ff. ?-?)

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3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares

- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57) (HCA 13/71 ff.473r-?474v)

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X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares

- Deposition made on 23/12/1656 (HCA 13/71 ff.479r-484r)

- "hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd"

- "the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe"

- "the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto"

"hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe"

- "did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"

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Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares

- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57) (HCA 13/71 ff.484r-?488r)

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6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares

- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667) (HCA 13/71 ff.500r-502r)

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People linkage data

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Anderson

"Lancelott Anderson was a whaHng captain of
Hull. He was on the whaling ship which rescued
in May, 1631, the eight English whalemen who had
been left behind on Spitsbergen the previous year,
and were the first to winter there. He is also
mentioned in a list of those engaged in the whaling
in 1654."

(J. Travis Jenkins, A history of the whale fisheries from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date (1921), p.148) (http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenk#page/148/mode/2up, viewed 21/04713)

"4 An account of Greenland from Capt. Lancelott Anderson,
a Hull merchant who has made thirty-three voyages thither.
British Museum, MS. Sloane, 3986, ff. 78, 79. "
(J. Travis (James Travis) Jenkins.A history of the whale fisheries : from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date, p. 147) http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/j-travis-james-travis-jenkins/a-history-of-the-whale-fisheries--from-the-basque-fisheries-of-the-tenth-centur-hci/page-9-a-history-of-the-whale-fisheries--from-the-basque-fisheries-of-the-tenth-centur-hci.shtml, viewed 21/04/13)

"

                [p. 470] Know all men by these prsents that wee Lancellott Anderson of
                     Hull Mariner and Thomas Mount fort of London Mecht doe make
                      Ordaine Authorize and appoint Our trusty and Well beloued freind
                      Thomas Sprigge of Caluert County Gentn to be our true and lawfull
                      Atturney and for us and in Our names to aske sue for leuie or de
                      mand all such debt or debts as doe rightly appertaine to either of us
                      the said Lancellott Anderson or Thomas Mountfort (on behalf e and
                      uppon accompt of Mr Edmund Custis of London Merchant) Our
                      heires or Assignes, and further it shall and may (by uertue hereof)
                      bee lawfull for Our said Atturney upon all Occasiones whatsoeuer
                      to Constitute one or more Atturney or Atturneys to act undr him in
                      and upon the behalfe of Vs Lancellott Anderson and Thomas Mount-
                      fort and his or his said Atturneys actions on Our behalfe shall be as
                      Authentick as if wee Our selues were there personally present in
                      ratificacon whereof wee Joyntly Obleige Our selues and heires as
                      wittnes Our handes and seales this 23d of May 1664—
                      Signed sealed & deliuered Lancellott Anderson Seale
                        In the ptsence of Vs Thomas Mountfort Seale
                         Edwd Richardson
                         John Emerson

                      Sworne Benjamin Rozer and Edward Richardson this 5th of
                     Octobr 1664 as wittnesses to the aboue said letter of Atturney which
                     was by them acknowledged to be deliuered as the Act & deed of
                     Lancellott Anderson and Thomas Mountfort to the said Thomas
                    Sprigge, in open Court        Daniel Jenifer Clk
                     On the back side of the said letter of Atturney thus follows
                      I doe hereby depute my Louing freinde Wm Caluert to act in my
                    behalfe in any bussines or suite in the behalf e of Lancelott Anderson
                    or Thomas Mountfort and doe giue him as much power as I haue
                    uertue of the wthin letter of Atturney, Wittnes my hand this first of
                    March 1664                        Tho: Sprigg
                                    Wittnes
                         Daniel Jenifer
                         Willm Hollingworth"

(Archives of Maryland Online: Proceedings of the Provincial Court, 1663-1666:Vol. 49, p.386 (http://aomol.net/000001/000049/html/am49--386.html, viewed 21/04713)

Ashmore

4. Edward Ashmore of Saint Mary Matsellon alias Whitechappell London Butcher aged 42 yeares

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Avery

Deposition of John Avery, chirugeon, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 22 (HCA 13/71 ff.599r-601v

Boyd’s Inhabitants of London John Avery Surgeon of St Giles Cripplegate married 3 Nov 1656 to Mary Jackson at St Giles Cripplegate (Janet Few)

PROB 11/348/283 Will of John Avery 20 July 1675 (DOWNLOADED AND EMAILED TO JANET FEW, 11/05713)

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Barefoote

• Alexander Barfoote (alt. Barefoot(e)) of Ratcliff cooper, aged 50(SOURCE: HCA 13/72 f.434v) http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=1871&scripto_doc_page_id=1904

• BIRTH/CHRISTENING: Alexander Barefoote; Date: 29 Jul 1638; Father: Alexander Barefoote: Mother: Ellen

("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/N55P-HXT : accessed 01 Feb 2013), Alexander Barefoote, 29 Jul 1638; citing ST MARY WHITECHAPEL,STEPNEY,LONDON,ENGLAND, reference ; FHL microfilm 94691.)

Hearth tax, 1966: Middlesex

"Richard Barefoote 1 (hearth) b
John Barefoote 1 (hearth) b"

'Hearth Tax: Middlesex 1666: Whitechapel: Whitechapel hamlet (1 of 3)', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=119280 Date accessed: 02 February 2013.

Hearth Tax, 1664: Surrey

"Brixton Hundred
Rotherhithe
Redrith

...Mr Barfoote 3 hearths (persons chargeable)"

(http://www.hearthtax.org.uk/communities/surrey/surrey_1664L_transcript.pdf, viewed 03/02/13)

• BIRTH/CHRISTENING: John Barefoote: Date:14 Sep 1642 ; ST BOTOLPH WITHOUT ALDGATE,LONDON,LONDON,ENGLAND; Father: Alexander Barefoote ; Mother: Ellinor

("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMWM-LPL : accessed 01 Feb 2013), Alexander Barefoote in entry for John Barefoote, 14 Sep 1642; citing ST BOTOLPH WITHOUT ALDGATE,LONDON,LONDON,ENGLAND, reference ; FHL microfilm 370929, 370930.)

-- SEE: PROB 11/112/252 Will of Julian Barefoote of Saint Botolph without Aldgate London. 07 September 1608
-- SEE: PROB 11/140/284 Will of Henry Barefoote of All Hallows Bread Street, City of London. 6 October 1622
-- SEE: PROB 11/999/151 Will of John Barfoot, Wharfinger of Saint Botolph without Aldgate , Middlesex. 07 July 1774
-- SEE: PROB 11/716/320 Will of Richard Barfoot, Cooper of Saint Michael Crooked Lane , City of London. 23 March 1742
-- SEE: PROB 11/649/240 Will of Robert Barfoot, Wine Cooper of Porto, Portugal. 22 September 1718
-- SEE: PROB 11/322/210 Will of John Barfoot, Mariner of Saint Botolph without Algate, Middlesex. 8 November 1666
-- SEE: PROB 11/1284/14 Will of Richard Barfoot, Livery Man of the Coopers Company's and Marshall Man of City of London. 09 January 1797
-- SEE: PROB 11/710/293 Will of Henry Barfoot, Wine Cooper of Saint Dunstan in the East , City of London. 21 July 1741
-- SEE: PROB 11/674/239 Will of Richard Barfoot, Wine Cooper of Basingstoke , Hampshire. 03 December 1735
-- SEE: PROB 4/24564 Barfoote, Nicholas of St Botolph without Aldgate, London, but d. at New York in the parts beyond the seas. 14 December 1682

Surrey Quarter Sessions

Surrey, Record Society, Surrey Quarter Session records: the order book and session rolls (XXXX, 1934), p. 164

- A Google snippet shows a hit for an Alexander Barefoote, cooper, and a number of other Barefoot names (Michael barefoote; George Barefoote). No e-book available so need to look at a hard copy.

--"Alexander Barefoote", cooper, Thomas Bayly, carpenter, Mary Metherill6, Anne Saward, widows, Joseph Dawkins, gent., (all) late of Redrith, Edward Amary, late of the Upper Ground, St Saviour, yeoman, and David Hatchett, Thorpe, labourer, ..."

History of the Coopers Company

SOURCES:

http://www.coopers-hall.co.uk/history

- "Many of our members hold a keen interest in the history of the Coopers Livery Company, and we maintain a fascinating collection of artefacts of the Company and the trade in the small museum in Coopers Hall, which members are cordially invited to visit

Museum Gallery (Images): http://www.coopers-hall.co.uk/museum-gallery

Contact: clerk@coopers-hall.co.uk

George Elkington, The coopers: company and craft (XXXX., 2011)
James Francis Firth, Historical memoranda, charters, documents, and extracts from the records of the corporation and the books of the company, 1396-1848 (London, 1848) https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=xaoKAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-xaoKAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1, viewed 02/02/13

• BIRTH/CHRISTENING: Josephe Barefoote: Date: 17 Mar 1646; ST BOTOLPH WITHOUT ALDGATE,LONDON,LONDON,ENGLAND; Father: Alexander Barefoote ; Mother: Ellinor

("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQL7-D6F : accessed 01 Feb 2013), Alexander Barefoote in entry for Josephe Barefoote, 17 Mar 1646; citing ST BOTOLPH WITHOUT ALDGATE,LONDON,LONDON,ENGLAND, reference ; FHL microfilm 370929, 370930.)

PROB: Cooper related

PROB 4/16276 Scott, Arthur, of Peckham, Surrey, cooper. 28 February 1681
PROB 11/364/128 Will of Arthur Scott, Cooper of Surrey. 04 October 1680

PROB 11/327/427 Will of John Scott, Soap Boiler of London. 15 July 1668
PROB 11/309/573 Will of William Scott, Factor of London. 15 December 1662
PROB 11/321/332 Will of Charles Scott, Vintner of Saint Clement Danes, Middlesex. 20 July 1666
PROB 11/258/394 Will of Caleb Scott, Cooper of Saint Saviour Southwark, Surrey. 20 October 1656

Soapboilers_

"But in another case the Eastland Company did not escape so
easily. The trade in potashes, one of the chief imports of the
Eastlanders, was completely disorganised by the institution of a
new London Company of Soapboilers. Although the manufacture
by new methods was not really established until 1631, the patent
was granted by James I., and as, under the new system, no potashes
were used, the Merchants at once raised the cry of ruin. To con-
vince them of the superiority of the new soap, the Council ordered
that ' the laundresses who made trial of it are to be examined in
the presence of the Eastland Merchants, who are the parties the
most interested.'*

(XXXX, The acts and ordinances of the Eastland company; edited for the Royal historical society, from the original muniments of the Gild of merchant adventurers of York(XXXX, XXXX), p. lvi)

"April 19. 30. Petition of John Revell, soapmaker of London, to the Council.
About December 1630 petitioner, at 400?. fine and 50?. rent per
annum, took a soap- house for 21 years, of John Leminge, and cove-
nanted to continue it a soap-house, and was bound in 500?. to perform
covenants. Being disabled by decree from making soap, he desired
Leminge to relinquish that covenant or take in his lease, giving
petitioner such part of his fine as two Eastland merchants should
appoint, both of which offers he refused. Although petitioner has
laid out 800?. in fine, reparations, and dead rent, yet Leminge for
7 1 i. rent behind has arrested petitioner and declared in the King's
Bench in five actions against him. Prays that Leminge may
relinquish that covenant, and gi^'e in the bond of oOOl. to be can-
celled, and suffer petitioner to demolish the utensils for soap, and
let the house to some other use, or if it is to be continued a soap-
house, that he may make petitioner some further estate in the
premises. [Copy. | p.'] Underwritten,

30. I. Order that this petition be put into the hands of John
Leminge, and that he answer thereunto, that the Lords at
their next meeting may take further order. Whitehall,
19th April 16S7. Copy. ^ p.]

(CSPD, 1637 (London, 1868), pp.XX)
http://archive.org/stream/cu31924091770234#page/n7/mode/2up

"April 28. 102. Petition of Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth, merchant, to the
Council. The Corporation of "Sopers" of Westminster contracted
with petitioner for 350 or 400 tons of Greenland train oil to be
last year delivered for his Majesty's service, in regard the Greenland
merchants of London did not import a sufficient quantity. Most
of the oil was long since delivered, and the Soapers compelling peti-
tioner to deliver the rest, petitioner has made provision of the same
to be brought to London, his Majesty's customs and duties for the
same being paid on the 4th of March last. By order of the 8th March
last, the Lords ordered all oil brought in by any save the Greenland
merchants should be exported again or seized to his Majesty's use.
By virtue of that order Newman and Measer, two of his Majesty's
officers, have hung locks on petitioner's warehouse doors, and
pretend to have petitioner's oil exported or seized, although it
was at Yarmouth, and there the custom was paid before the 8th
March, but it was detained by contrary winds. Petitioner prays
order to the officers that he may be suffered to deliver the oil to the
soap-boilers, the quantity being 140 tons, brought in the ship Relief
[1 p.] Endorsed,

102. I. Order for Mr. Gage, governor of the Corporation of Soap-
makers of Westminster, and one or two of the Greenland
Company to attend the Board on the Tnorrow. Star
Chamber, 28th April 1637. Annexed,

102. II. Contract made by George Gage, governor of the Company
of Soapmahers, with Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth, for
350 or 400 tons of whale train oil, to be delivered at
London, in the Thames, at 20?. per ton. Kith January
1635-6. [Attested copy. \ p.]

102. III. Lord Treasurer Juxon to the Officers of the Customs.
Thomas Horth paying his Majesty's customs and duties
is to be permitted to land such quantity of oil as he has
contracted with the Company of Soapmakers to deliver for
that year. 18th June 1636. [Attested copy. 1 p.]

102. IV. Order of Council upon the petition of JEdmond Man-
ning, praying licence to bring hither out of Holland 60
tons of whale oil. On reading the answer of the Muscovy
Company, the Lords ordered that if Manning or any other
should bring over any such oil or whale fins, that they
should forthwith transport the same, otherwise it might
he seized according to his Majesty's proclamation. White-
hall, 8th March 1636-7. [Copy. 1 p.]

102. V, Certificate of William Barrett, comptroller and collector
of customs at Yarmouth, that Thomas Horth had paid
the subsidy and impost for 130 tons of Greenland train
oil in the Relief, of Ipswich, Thomas Cleecher, master,
and is td%e suffered to pass to London. 4>th March 1637
[i.e., 1637-8, sed qu. 1636-7.] [Attested copy. ^ p.J "

(XXXX, p. 30)

• May 2. 17. Order of the King in Council. Upon consideration of the

Whitehall, great quantity of potashes brought in from foreign parts, and that a
great proportion is at present in the hands of undue makers of soap,
and of grocers, salters, and others who have bought the same to furnish
the undue makers, it was ordered that no merchant or others should
sell any part thereof before notice given to the lord mayor, Thomas
Overman, or such others as they shall appoint, who are to take
special care that none be disposed of to undue makers of soap.
[Copy. 1 p.l

May 2. 18. Draft of the same order. [IJ p.]

May 2. 1 9. Brief notes or draft of the contents of the same, endorsed as

received from Mr. Lightfoot, and being probably the application
upon which the order was made. [| p.]

(XXX. pp. 53-54)

"May. 171. Abstract of a grant of incorporation to the soapmakers of

England and Wales, by the name of the " Governor, Assistants, and
Commonalty of the Society of Soapmakers of London," with various
powers for well ordering their trade. \_5^ pp.J"

(XXX. p. 174)

"July 2. 17. Minute of a petition of the Soapmakers of Bristol, in which

they alleged that articles were agreed to in November 16.35, by
which they were permitted to make 600 tons yearly of soap from
olive oil, and to sell the same at 3d. per pound, paying 4L per ton
to his Majesty. They comj)lained that the soapmakers of London
hindered their trade, and prayed that it might be settled in accord-
ance with the said articles. Tlie soapmakers of London were there-
upon ordered to attend the Lords, which they did with the answer
which is here set down. The agreement alluded to was made
without their privity. They leave the Bristol proposal to his Ma-
jesty, with certain suggestions for restraining the quantity of soap
to be made to the 600 tons above mentioned, [^^'•l Under-
turitten, "

(XXXX, pp. 280-281)

"25. Similar order on petition of Thomas Horth, of Great Yar-
mouth, merchant, desiring that the soapboilers of London might be
enjoined to take off his oils which he provided on a contract with
the late soapboilers of Westminster, and that the Muscovia Company
might permit him to land his oils. Upon hearing the answers of
the soapboilers of London and the Muscovia Company, it was
ordered that, for what concerns Horth's agreement with the Com-
pany of Soapboilers of Westminster, he may take his course against
those with whom he contracted, the Lords not conceiving the soap-
boilers of London any ways obliged to make good the agreement
made with the soapboilers of Westminster. Touching Horth's
landing his oils in this kingdom, the Muscovia Company having
more oils than they can vend in this kingdom, and Horth having
had leave to trade to Greenland only for the service of Scotland,
it is ordered that he shall either serve Scotland with his oils or seek
a vent in foreign parts. [Draft. 1 jd.] "

(XXX, p.436)
Company of Soapboilers of Westminster

---

Batson

(Richard, Henry, Thomas)

DRAFT TEXT:

Richard Batson (b. ca. 1601, d. ?1667) was the son of XXXX and XXXX. He married XXXX in XXXX and had at least one child - Martha Batson, who married John Bendish, son of Sir ?Thomas Bendish.

The Batson family was connected to Highworth in Wiltshire. A trade token survivies from the mid to later C17th for a Richard Batson in Highworth (presumably related to Richard Batson of London), and Richard Batson of London's nephew, Thomas Batson, was buried at Highworth. IS HIGHWORTH MENTIONED IN RB'S WILL?

Richard Batson had at least one brother, and was uncle to ?Thomas Batson (of Stepney and ?Barbados), whose will was proven in 1701 (PROB 11/460/78 Will of Thomas Batson of Stepney, Middlesex. 23 April 1701).

He lived in the parish of St. James Garlickhithe in Vintry ward from at least as early as 1657 (when he gave this parish as his residence in an HCA deposition) to at least as late as 1663 (when his daughter, Martha, was married in this parish).

A deposition dated May 5th 1651 of a fifty year old merchant named Richard Batson is consistent with later depositions for Richard Batson the whaling entrepreneur. This earlier deposition gives his pairsh of residence as "Sain Buttolph Billingsgate London."

Larry Gragg (XXXX:99) cites evidence of Richard Batson issuing instructions to Humphrey Kent, in 1641, who was on his way to Barbados to act as his agent.

Brenner suggests that Richard Bateson (sic) was a major player in the Virginia tobacco trade in the late 1630s and early 1640s, in partnership with Samuell Vassall.

There are surviving records of Richard Batson's commercial activity from the late 1640s (1648: transport of goods to Barbados, 164X: trading in East Indies).

In the 1650s he was active in trade with Barabados and with Spitbergen.

There is also evidence of Richard Batson trading in the East Indies, and having been a subscriber to English East India Company stock in the 1650s. (CHECK).

PROB

• PROB 11/329/511 Will of Henry Batson, Merchant of London 13 May 1669

Saint James Garlickhithe, Vintry Ward

• "MARRIAGE: Martha Batson to John Bendish (later Sir John Bendish, baronet), draper, 30 June 1663, marriage license Bishop of London, at St. James, Garlickhythe, London, Middlesex (sic) (http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I280386&tree=London#cite1, viewed 04/03/13)

" Case: A busines of exámination of Witnesses on the behalfe of Roger Phillips against one two and thirtieth part of the dover Marchant and against Peter Bultele.; Deposition: Richard Batson of the parish of Saint James Garlick hithe, London, Merchant, aged 56 yeeres: Date: 12/06/1657)

"17. The same day. CENTRE HEADING
18. Exámined upon the foresaid allegation.
19. Rp. 2.
20. Richard Batson in the parish of Saint James Garlick hithe
21. London Merchant, aged 56 yeeres or thereabouts sworne and exámined.
22. To the first and second árticles 56 yeeres or thereabouts sworne
23. and exámined."

(HCA 13/772 f.58r http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=2429&scripto_doc_page_id=2453, viewed 04/03/13)

• "St. James Garlickhythe is a Church of England parish church in Vintry ward of the City of London," (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James_Garlickhythe, viewed 04/03/13)

• The church of Saint James Garlickhithe lies near Garlick Hill, just to the north of the modern Upper Thames Street and a little to the north of the Vintry Hall. It is relatively close to the Thames

" "The Parish Registers of St James Garlickhythe are the oldest in England....The full name of the present parish is: St James garlickhythe with St Michael Queenhithe and Holy Trinity-the-Less. However, Holy Trinity-the-Less, whilst rebuilt in 1673 as the first Lutheran Church in London, was later destroyed and St Michael Queenhithe was pulled down in 1894. In the redrawing of parish Boundaries in 1954 four more ancient Parishes were acquired. Of the seven churches originally in the parish, only St James Garlickhythe and St Michael Paternoster Royal exist today....The ancient registers and other City records can be seen in the Guildhall Library." (http://stjamesgarlickhythe.org/parish, viewed 04/03/13)

• " Records of the parish of Saint James, Garlickhithe (or Garlickhythe), Garlick Hill, City of London. The archive includes an arbitration in a dispute involving the parish of St. James Garlickhithe dated 1436, but the main archive dates from the 16th century with parish registers (baptisms, marriages, burials, banns, confirmations, preachers) surviving from 1535; churchwardens' accounts from 1555 and vestry minutes from 1615. The bulk of the archive is 17th century or later, including poor rate and tithe rate assessments; and papers relating to parish charities and estates (properties).Also records of St James' Guild: the records comprise: minute book, 1910-14 (Ms 10795), and ledger 1907-12 (Ms 10796)." (AIM 25: http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=15317&inst_id=118&nv1=search&nv2=, viewed 04/03/13)

" ST. JAMES GARLICKHITHE. 1638 Inhabitants List (no sign of Richard batson or variants)
(http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=32015, viewed 04/03713)

" Parish boundaries of St James Garlickhithe (from Family Search Research Wiki) (https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/File:St_James_Garlickhithe.png, viewed 04/03/13)

A2A

• "21 July 1641 -- Petition of Sir Robert Mansell, Vice-Admiral of England: notwithstanding the order of the 13th of May last, confirming to petitioner the sole right of making glass, Richard Batson and others have in contempt imported great quantities of glasses." (Parliamentary Archives: Main Papers HL/PO/JO/10/1/67 17 Jul 1641 - 26 Jul 1641)

Trade Tokens

Wiltshire Heritage Museum - Numismatics
DZSWS:2003.1.139
Token / farthing
trade token, issued by Richard Batson, Highworth, Wiltshire, 1649-1672, Williamson Wilts 85
No image available

Wiltshire Heritage Museum - Numismatics
DZSWS:2003.1.140
Token / farthing
trade token, issued by Richard Batson, Highworth, Wiltshire, 1649-1672, Williamson Wilts 85
No image available

(SOURCE: http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/museums/index.asp?page=results&mwsquery=%28{Phrase%20search}=*{token}%29&mwsquery=%28{Place2}=*{Highworth}%29&filename=WiltshireTreasures&hitsStart=1, viewed 20/04/13)

Secondary

• "1641 William Chamberlain of London, merchant v. Samuell Vassall re partnership formed in 1637 between defendant, Richard Battison, Edward Wood, and George Menifie, of London, merchants, to freight the Dove to Virginia and to return with tobacco (C2/Chas.I/C90/28) (National Genealogical Society Quarterly, vol. 72 (XXXX, 1984), p. 202)

CHECK FOR CONNECTIONS:

PROB 11/316/323 Will of John Vassall, Merchant of London. 30 March 1665
PROB 5/1625 VASSALL, Henry, of London, merchant [Administration act: PROB 6/42]. 1667
C 9/229/90 Vasall v. Vasall. 1665

NOTE: "(Edward Kingswell of London, Esquior. Will 30 January 1635-6; proved 6 April 1636.)...The results of a suit depenDing before the Lords Commissioners for Plantations in my name against Samuell Vassall, merchant, and Peter Andrewes (his brother in lawe)..." (The Virginia magazine of history and biography (Volume yr.1907-1908), p.297)(http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/virginia-historical-society/the-virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography-volume-yr1907-1908-gri/page-27-the-virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography-volume-yr1907-1908-gri.shtml, viewed 22/04713)

• Secondary sources show that Samuell Vassall was still alive in 1660

" "Amonst the individuals (promoting New England), the Vassall family are of particular interes. The brothers Samuel (1586-1667) and William (1593-c.1655- were founder members of the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629; collectively the brothers held a stake of 18.3 per cent in this venture. William Vassall resided in New England during teh yeares 1628-30 and 1635-43, whereas samuel spent most of his career as a London merchant (though hee too is thought to have settled in massachusetts towards the end of his life).//
The vassalls were active in nearly all aspects of English Atlantic colonization during the first half of the seventeenth century. Samuel Vassall (a London alderman and one of the City's four members of parliament in 1640 and 1641) launched his career as a Leveant Company merchant. Yet by the later 1620s he had formed partnerships to supply provisions to Virginia and Barbados, becoming in the process one of the leading London importers of Chesapeake tobacco...In 1664, brother William's son John (1625-88) formed a Barbados-based consortium and made a second attempt to settele the areas around Cape Fear (South Carolina), this time in partnership with his cousin Henry Vassall...

---Slavery formed an integral part of teh Vassall0s colonial operations...

...involvement of the Vassall family in Barbadian affairs dates from around 1648, when William is known to have settled on the island...At the time of his death (c.1655-7), William was owner of a plantation in St Michael, as well as substantial New England property.

...the dynasty was established in England by John Vassall (1544-1625), a Hugenot mariner and refugee from Normandy. Gentry pretensions arose early, however, in the famil's English history. John vassall was granted a coat of arms by Elizabeth I for his role in teh defeat of the Armada...despite their involvement with miltant Puritans, teh vassalls were not religious radicals. In New England, William Vassall opposed strict Calvinism and was among the merchants iof teh colony to petition for a widening of church membership and the vcicil franchise during teh early 1640s. Successive generations of Vassalls, however, retained a commitment to Protestant orthodoxy..."

(S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic:
The World of the Lascelles, 1648-1834 pp. 22-25)

- CONSIDE LOOKING AT:

-- PROB 11/316/323 Will of John Vassall, Merchant of London. 30 March 1665
-- E 163/19/25Exchequer: King's Remembrancer: Miscellanea of the Exchequer. Copies of depositions, etc, in suits (with original covenant of partnership, dated 1647): 1 Vassall v Jackett 2 Vassall v Allen 3 Hickman v Jackett relating to misdemeanours at sea. 1650

• "22 November (1648). Customs certificate for shipment by Richard batson of goods for Barbados in the hart of London, Mr. Mathew Wynnell. (PRO: E122/226/14)(Peter Wilson Coldham, The complete book of emigrants, 1607-1660 (Baltimore, MA, 1987), p. 238)

• "Oct. 3 (1652) Order of the Council of State. For a warrant for Richard Batson to transport 20 draught nags to Barbadoes for the use of his sugar mills there (Interegnum, Entry Bk., vol. LXI., p.71, cited in CSPColonialSeries,1574-1660 (London, 1860), p.390)(https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=4GUzAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA390, viewed 20/04/13)

• "June 11. (1653) Orders of the Council of State. For a warrant for Martin Noell, Richard Batson, John Manniford, Wm. Chamberlaine, Wm. Draxe, and Sam. Cox, merchants and planters in barbadoes, to transport thither 30 horses upon the usual terms...." (Interregnum, Entry Bk,, Vol. XCVIII., pp. 273-5 cited in CSPColonialSeries,1574-1660 (London, 1860), pp.404) (https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=4GUzAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA404, viewed 20/04/13)

• "Richard Battson, part-owner of the Little William, to be paid 750/. according to a Chancery decree made in the last Hilary term." (A Court of Committees, March 8, 1654 [Court Book, vol. xxiii, p. 346) in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), A calendar of the court minutes of the East India company, 1650-1654 (Oxford, 1913), p.303 (http://archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/302/mode/2up, viewed 20/04/13)

• "14 December (1660). John Langston of london, silkman aged 30, deposes that on 30 July 1650 Abraham Robinson of Rochester, Kent, gent, signed a financial obligation to Thomas Plamplin of London, merchant tailor,. Henry Batson of Barbados, merchant, appointed merchant. (MCD 10)" (Peter Wilson Coldham, The complete book of emigrants, 1607-1660 (Baltimore, MA, 1987), p. 482)

• "14 December (1660). John Cooke, citizen and fishmonger of London aged 60, deposes that on 2 November 1652 Thomas Applethwaite of London, merchant, signed a financial obligation to him. Thomas and Henry Batson of Barbados, merchants, appointed attornies. (MCSD 10)" (Peter Wilson Coldham, The complete book of emigrants, 1607-1660 (Baltimore, MA, 1987), p. 482)

" "17 December (1660). Declaration by Richard Batson, merchant of London, that he has appointed his nephew Thomas Batson of Barbados, merchant, to confirm a sale made by him on 7 May 1658 thorugh his attornies William Tickell and Nicholas Martin of Barbados, merchants, of 200 acres known as Springf Plantation to Daniel Searle, Governor of Barbados. (MCD 10)" (Peter Wilson Coldham, The complete book of emigrants, 1607-1660 (Baltimore, MA, 1987), p. 482)

• "12 May 1660. Robert Wynn of London, merchant aged 22, deposes that on 23 September 1657 his then master John White of London, merchant, became a creditor of Robert Hooper of London, merchant, and their bond went to Daniel Farvacks of London, merchant, as bailee. Thomas Seaman of London, gent aged 60, deposes that on 12 November 1658 Farvacks, at the request of Robert Hooper who now resides in Barbados, became his bailee in an action brought by John White. Thomas Mayhew, citizen and grocer of London aged 66, deposes that Robert Hooper, Daniel Farvacks and Richard Batson of London, merchants, signed a financial obligation to George Wilmer Esq of Stratford le Bow,Middlesex, on 30 October 1658. John Farvacks aged 26, and Daniel Farvacks aged 56, both merchants of London, depose similarly. Mr. John Lear and Mr.Gregory Mathews of Barbados, merchants, appointed attornies. (MCD 10)."Emigrants in Bondage: [Many Mays & other variations such as Mathews,

Matthews, Mattison, etc. omitted]" (http://genealogyforme.blogspot.co.uk/)

• "The Batson Charity" SEE: House of Commons, Further report of the Commissioners for inquiring concerning charities(London, 1835), pp.1280-1281. Wiltshire

- refers to gifts by Richard Batson, Henry Batson and Thomas Batson

• "Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Eng. hist. b. 122, exports of Henry Batson and Thomas Batson from Barbados, 1664" (identified in FN 60, p. 26 of S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648-1834 (Cambridge, 2996) (AVAILABLE AS GOOGLE E-BOOK)

• "HIGHWORTH. 58. O. RICH. BATSON. HIGHWORTH = R.B.

R. EDWARD . FORDER = E.F."
(William Boyne, 'Wiltshire Tradesman's Tokens' in Rg Wiltshire archaeological and natural history magazine, vol. VI (Devizes & London, 1860), p. 84, https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FAcVAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA84, viewed 16/02/13)

- Note that separately the Batson charity source above suggests a link between the Batson family and Highworth of Wiltshire

- Note that a member of the Yorkshire/Barbados linked Lascelles family jad connections with the batson family of Highworth Wiltshire in the mid-C18th. George Lascelles (d. 1728/29) had as his third child Elizabeth Lascelles, who married Edmund Davis of Highworth and Ramsbury, Wiltshire, who "took the name Batson". "He died December 1st, 1770, and was buried at Highworth." (Egerton Brydges, Collin's Peerage of England, vol. VIII )London, 1812), p.511, https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=jj0JAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA511, viewed 16/02/13)

- "HIGHWORTH, a parish in the hundred of HIGHWORTH, CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of WILTS, comprising the maket town of Highworth, the chapelries of Broad Blundsdon, South Marston, and Sevenhampton, and the tythings of Freedon, and Eastrop with Westrop, and containing 3005 inhabitants... (the town is) 48 miles (N. by E.) from Salisbury, and 77 (W. by N.) from London." (Samuel Lewis, A topographical dictionary of England, vol. II (London, 1831), p.393),

• "THOMAS BATSON of pr. Steteheath als. Stepney, 23 Oct. 1700. to be burd. Highworth chyd. Estate in Barbados. Cousin Rochard Batson. Richard Guy, a legacy given the tes'or by will of Edward Pye. Sister Harris. Nieces Sibill Greenhill, Marian Burroughs, Anne Church. Lady Bendyshe wife of Sir John Bendyshe Bt. Kinsman Richard Batson son of the late uncle Thos: Batson Mortgage at Shadwell Docks assigned to tes'or..NO MORE VISIBLE IN GOOGLE SNIPPET." (The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, vols. 11-12, (XXXX, 1943) p.199)

• "On the tomb near the S. Porch.

Here lyeth the Body of Thomas Batson, late of Stepney, in the County of Middlesex, Esq. who departed this life the 28th day of April, BLANK IN ORIGINAL. Aged 6?9 years. And within the Church, near this Place, lyeth his Father and Mother, and several of his near Relations. Interred 26th of the same month, 1701" (The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. 53 (XXXX, 2000), p.65)

Possible links to English East India Company

• "A letter addressed to the Governor and Committees for the Fourth Joint Stock is presented, * being the desires of divers of the adventurers in the Voyage.' It suggests that all the goods now come from Bantam in the William, Dolphin, and Advice ought to be for the account of the Second General Voyage, these ships being freighted and imprest money paid to them by the said Voyage and the Governor having often been heard to say in court ('although this be not booked downe ') that ' wee might not expect to have our shipps come home full fraight, but that the Joynt Stock had a good quantity of pepper and other goods ready at Bantam and other adjacent parts, which should be laden for accompt of the said Voyage, they allowing interest to the Stock for the time they should be out of purse of their moneys in providing the said goods. If it had been expected otherwise, the Stock would no doubt have provided its own shipping and not laid the burden upon the Voyage. Yet wishing to comply with the desires of the Stock rather than to create a difference, the subscribers will waive the undoubted right of the Voyage to the said goods, provided that a like quantity of goods may be laden for account of the Voyage in the Endymion and Anne this ensuing year, which cannot in justice be denied, since letters from the factors report that they go on buying goods for account of the Voyage ready to lade on the ships. It is further proposed that no advantage should be taken of the order for turning over the remains of the Voyage to the Joint Stock at pounds s. 6d. the rial, and that it be understood that, when the Ruth, Endymion, and Anne are laden, what remains, if it does not exceed 10,000 or 12,000 rials, may be transferred to the account of the Stock, 'for that we desire to putt a period to the Voyage. (SEE FOOTNOTE BELOW)'

footnote: The following names are appended: John Robinson, Nicholas Corsellis, William Pennoyer, Thomas Hall, Robert Thompson, Samuel Pennoyer, William Harris, Richard Batson, Michael Davison, William Thomson, John Woods, Martin Noell, Cornelius Mounteney, James Houbolon, John Casier, Adam Laurence, Hugh Norris, William Boene, Thomas Harris, and Ahasuerus Regemont."

SOURCE: (A Meeting of the Committees for the Second General Voyage, August 17, 1649 (Court Book vol. xxii, p. 97). (Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, A calendar of the court minutes, etc. of the East India company, 1644-1649 (Oxford, 1912), pp. 342-343)http://archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00eastrich#page/342/mode/2up, viewed 19/04/13

Chancery

• C 5/425/103 Short title: Jordain v Batson. Plaintiffs: Elias Jordain and others. Defendants: Richard Batson and others. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill. 1651

• C 2/ChasI/B107/28 Short title: Batson v Godfrey. Plaintiff: Batson. Defendant: Godfrey. Document type: Replication, rejoinder. 01 January 1625 - 31 December 1660

• C 5/397/71 Short title: Hewett v Batson. Plaintiffs: Ralph Hewett. Defendants: Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: answer. 1658

• C 5/427/10 Short title: Lloyd v Batson. Plaintiffs: Charles Lloyd. Defendants: Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: answer. 1652

• C 6/136/169 Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. SFP. 1657.

- SEE ALSO: C 10/57/150 East India Co. v. Batson 1650

• C 6/140/90 Short title: Mackleir v Batson. Plaintiffs: Sir John Mackleir kt. Defendants: Richard Batson and William Chamberlayne . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, two answers. 1656

• C 6/140/88 Short title: Mackleir v Batson. Plaintiffs: Sir John Mackleir kt. Defendants: Richard Batson and William Chamberlayne . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer, inventory. 1657

• C 3/433/118 Short title: Batson v Beaumont. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson . Defendants: Joseph Beaumont and another. Subject: money matters in Middlesex . Document type: [pleadings].01 January 1642 - 31 December 1660

• C 6/163/3 Short title: Batson v Bendish. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson. Defendants: Sir Thomas Bendish baronet and John Bendish. Subject: property in Haverhill, and Helions Bumpstead, Essex. Document type: bill, answer. 1663.

• Short title: Batson v Ayre. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Dorothy Batson his wife. Defendants: Balthazar Ayre and others. Subject: money matters, Devon. Document type: bill, answer. 1656

• C 6/114/33 Short title: Davies v Cheyney. Plaintiffs: Edward Davies . Defendants: Thomas Cheyney , Edward Arlibeare and Richard Batson . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1651

- WORTH CHECKING THIS DOCUMENT. I THINK ARLIBEARE WAS A MAST BROKER

• C 10/13/142 Peter Thelwall v Richard Batson: money matters 1651

• C 10/48/9 Batson v. Phillipps 1657

• C 10/57/150 East India Co. v. Batson 1650

- WORTH CHECKING THIS DOCUMENT.
- SEE POSSIBLY "Richard Battson, part-owner of the Little William, to be paid 750/. according to a Chancery decree made in the last Hilary term." (A Court of Committees, March 8, 1654 [Court Book, vol. xxiii, p. 346) in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), A calendar of the court minutes of the East India company, 1650-1654 (Oxford, 1913), p.303 ([WWW]http://archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/302/mode/2up, viewed 20/04/13)

• C 10/61/147 Hewet, Symons v. Batson: Middx 1660

- SEE: C 5/397/71 Short title: Hewett v Batson. Plaintiffs: Ralph Hewett. Defendants: Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: answer. 1658

• C 22/764/9 Bateson v. Hodgkins. 1661-1662
• C 6/41/60 Short title: Bateson v Hodgekins. Plaintiffs: William Bateson. Defendants: Nicholas Hodgekins. Subject: manor of Moreton in Marsh, and property in Bourton-on-the-Hill, Gloucestershire. Document type: answer only. . 1658
• C 10/92/93 Nevill v. Lenthall, Bateson and Ayliffe: Middx. 1660

LOOK AT

Short title: Batson v Waters. Plaintiffs: Sibyl Batson widow. Defendants: John Waters and William Street ...

Court of Chancery: Six Clerks Office: Pleadings before 1714, Collins. Short title: Batson v Waters. Plaintiffs: Sibyl Batson widow. Defendants: John Waters and William Street . Subject: messuage in the High Street, Highworth, Wiltshire. Document type: bill, answer.

   Collection: Records created, acquired, and inherited by Chancery, and also of the Wardrobe, Royal Household, Exchequer and various commissions
   Date range: 01 January 1669 - 31 December 1669
   Reference:C 6/55/33
   Subjects:Litigation

LOOK AT

Reference:
E 115/17/106
Description:

Certificate of residence showing William Bateson to be liable for taxation in Gloucestershire, and not in the hundred of [Highworth, etc.], [Wiltshire], the previous area of tax liability.

(Any information not given in this certificate comes from its old pouch, no 296.)

Date: 16 Charles I
Date:
1641
Held by:
The National Archives, Kew

Court of Delegates

• DEL 2/7 Batson v. Walker (Registrar of the High Court of Delegates and of the High Court of Admiralty: Cause and Miscellaneous Papers. ) 1666

--LOOK AT THIS DOCUMENT URGENTLY

Miscellaneous to follow uo on

• "...Davison, Joseph Terringham and Richard Bateson, 1646-47, HCA 24/108/362" (as a footnote in Jeremy Black (ed), The Atlantic slave trade: Seventeenth century (Ashgate, 2003), p.226

--NOTE: brenner identifies Joseph Terringham as an apprentice of William Pennoyer in the 1645-47 period (Brenner, 2003:165)

• Brenner identifies Richard "bateson" as a new merchant and a trading partner of Maurice Thompson: ""In his more prosaic trading ventures with Virginia and teh West Indies, vassall often worked in partnership with a number of leading colonial traders who were also working with the Thomson connection. Two of these, Richard Bateson and Edward Wood, were, as noted, Thomson's privateering partners" (Brenner, 2003: 136). In Brenner's earlier comments on bateson he states: ""bateson was from an obscure Wiltshire family. But by 1640, he had established himself among the significant traders with America, importing in that year 15,000 pounds of Virginia tobacco. Well before the, Bateson had helped his career by establishing a partnership with Samuel Vassall, one of the greatest figures in the colonial trades during the pre-civil war period" (Brenner, 2003, p.135)

• HEARTH TAX: The Hamlett of Shadwell in the Parish of Stepney./ Upper Shadwell Northside./ Cutthroate Lane

- tHO: bATTSON 5 HEARTHS (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=119171&strquery=battson)

---

Beane

• "MARRIAGE: Beane, Edmund, skinner, and Hannah Keme, of St. Michael, Queenhithe, London, spinster - at St. Andrew Undershaft, London. 23 Jan. 1626/7, p.104 (http://archive.org/stream/londonmarriageli00fost#page/n81/mode/2up Joseph Foster (ed.), London marriage Licences, 1521-1869 (London , 1887),)

---

Chauntrell/Chauntry

3. Thomas Chauntrell of the parish of Saint Bottolphe Algate London Cooper, and Coopers Mate of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question aged twenty five yeares

---

Child(e)

"Mar. 18. (1645)
Senato, Secreta. Dispacci, Firenze. Venetian Archives.....Enclosure 203. Names of English ships extracted from list of those at Leghorn :
Success, Captain James Scarle, of Plemua, 1,000 salme, (fn. 1) 32 sailors.
Talent, Captain Robert Pickles, of London, 1,500 salme, 77 sailors.
William, Captain Thomas Giames, of London, 1,500 salme, 47 sailors.
Charles, Captain William Vuldieri, 1,500 salme, 52 sailors.
Buonaventura, Captain Richard Childe, 1,500 salme, 39 sailors.
John Buonaventura, Captain Samuel Camellet, 1,200 salme, 37 sailors.
Scipio, Captain Thomas Guit, London, 2,000 salme, 57 sailors.
Leopard, Captain Thomas Caro, 1,500 salme, 37 sailors.
Hope, Captain Thomas Sanford, England, 1,000 salme, 24 sailors.
Edward, Captain Thomas Dersi, London, 1,500 salme, 35 sailors.
Phœnix, Captain Matthew Carmen, 1,000 salme, 36 sailors.
Merchant, of Leghorn, Captain Robert Barcher, 1,200 salme, 49 sailors.
Dragon, Capt. George Etton, Dover, 1,500 salme, 59 sailors.
Henry (Enrigho), Captain James Hatton, London, 1,300 salme, 38 sailors.
Luke Buonasperanza, Captain William Guasato, England, 1,500 salme, 45 sailors.
Natumberlan, Captain Thomas Transfil, London, 2,000 salme, 59 sailors.
Golden Fleece, Captain Thomas Davis, London, 2,500 salme, 62 sailors.
Green Field (Campo Verde), Captain Henry Pauel, London, 1,700 salme, 52 sailors.
London, Captain John Steven, London, 2,000 salme, 70 sailors.
[Italian.]"

Allen B. Hinds (ed.), 'Venice: March 1645', Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 27: 1643-1647 (1926), pp. 176-178. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=89604 Date accessed: 01 February 2013.

HEARTH TAXES, 1666

(Source: http://www.londonlives.org/static/LSDSPAR.jsp, viewed 11/05/13)

For background on Saint Botolph Algate see: http://www.londonlives.org/static/StBotolphAldgate.jsp, viewed 11/05/13

NOTE: Richard Child in his will of 1670 (PROB 11/333/526 Will of Richard Childe, Mariner of Saint Botolph without Algate, Middlesex 12 September 1670) states that he is of East Smithfield in the parish of Saint Botolph without Algate in the County of Middlesex. This matches the 6 hearth Richard Child in the 1666 London/Middlesex Hearth tax assessment ( St. Botolph Aldgate: Street Side:...Richard Child 6 (hearths)", since according to the location notes of the Centre for Metropolitan Studies/IHR/University of Cambridge study of Saint Botolphs Algate as part of the broader "Life in the Suburbs project" "the Street" (as in "Street side, I presume") was in East Smithfield. See location section of introductory article of St Botolp Algate (http://www.londonlives.org/static/StBotolphAldgate.jsp, viewed 11705/13):

"Location

St Botolph Aldgate is located on the eastern edge of the City of London, straddling the border with Middlesex; part of the parish was in the City (in Portsoken Ward), and part in Middlesex (East Smithfield). A long, thin parish, it stretched from Gravel Lane (off Houndsditch) in the northeast all the way to the Thames in the south. The northern part of the parish, located in the City, was bordered by Petticoat Lane, Somerset Street and Mansell Street on the northeast side, and Houndsditch and Vine Street on the west, continuing south down the Minories and bypassing the Liberty of Trinity Minories towards Tower Hill and Rosemary Lane. The southern part, only attached to the rest of the parish across a short stretch of Rosemary Lane, was in Middlesex, and located east of the Tower of London and the parish of St Katherine by the Tower. With King Street and Ditch Side on its western border, its eastern boundary went along Darby Street, Church Yard Alley, Black Dogg Alley, and Nightingale Lane down to the Hermitage Dock. On the west, it was bordered by East Smithfield (the street), Butcher Row, and Red Cross Street."

St. Botolph Aldgate: Street Side

"Richard Child 6 (hearths) s"

('Hearth Tax: Middlesex 1666: St Botolph Aldgate : Unknown', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=118916 Date accessed: 01 February 2013)

PARISH RECORDS: SAINT BOTOLPH ALDGATE

St. Botolph Aldgate Parish Clerks' Memorandum Books

"Richard Child, Sonne to Edward Child Needle-maker, & Joane his wife of Gravell lane

Christned on Sunday the fifteenth day of August, 1619"

(http://www.rescript.org/article.aspx?p=2&a=4739, viewed 01/02/13)

"ST. BOTOLPH, ALDGATE.

MS. p. 354.

The Names, Rents, Tithes, of St. Botolph without Aldgate, London,which parish consists of the ward of Portsoken within London and of EastSmithfield in the Countie of Middlesex.

From: 'Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Botolph, Aldgate', The inhabitants of London in 1638 (1931), pp. 210-224. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=32076&strquery=richard childe Date accessed: 11 May 2013.

Rents
Lawrence Childe £3

John Childe £2

Mathew Childe £3"

---

Chapman

• Robert Chapman Citizen and Woodmonger of London (C6/125/pt1/24 f.1r)

• Born ca. 1608 (SEE REMARRIAGE, 1672, AGED CA. 64)

• DEFINITE MATCH: C 6/125Pt1/24 Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman . Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652

• POSSIBLE MATCH: C 5/33/37 Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, London or Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657

• POSSIBLE MATCH: C 6/175/59 Short title: Turbervill v Brice. Plaintiffs: Anthony Turbervill, John Ferrers, William Weldon, Francis Crawly, Nevill Kidwell and John Ray. Defendants: Nicholas Brice, John Austen, Giles Ray, John Dodson, William Mattingly, Noah Barnard and others. Subject: property in Cookham, Berkshire. Document type: bill, answer. 1662

• DEFINITE MATCH OF LITIGANT AGAINST GILES RAY AND GOWEN GOLDEGAY: PROB 11/355/344 Will of Robert Chapman, Woodmonger of Saint Bride, City of London. 05 December 1677

• DEFINITE MATCH: Marriage Allegation: "(1672) Aug. 26 Robert Chapman, of Bridewell Precinct, Lond., Woodmonger, Wid:r ,

ab:t 64, & Joane Switing, of Greenwich, Kent, Wid., ab:t 60 ; at S:t
Dunstan's in the West, Lond."

• PROBABLY RELATED:"(1672/3) Feb. 4 William Chapman, of S:t Bride's, Lond., Cit. & Cheesemonger, Bach:lr,

ab:t 26, & Sarah Guy, of S:t Botolph's, Aldgate, Lond., Sp:r , ab:t 23;
in the Church next Merch:t Taylors' Hall, Bishopsgate Street,
Lond."

• DEFINITE MATCH: Hearth tax: Bridewell precinct, Middlesex, 1666:

"Bridewell Precinct: Robert Chapman 5 hearths...
...Bridewell Precinct: William Chapman 1 hearth"

Tradesmans' Tokens

"299. ROBERT CHAPMAN AT. A sword with a crown on the
point. R. BRIDEWELL DOCKE. In the field, R. E. C.

300. GILES RAY, WOODMONG. The Woodmongers' arms. R.
AT BRID WELL DOCKE. In the field, G. I.R.

301. THO. TEMPLEMAN. A fleur-de-lis on a fagot. R. AT
BRIDWEL DOCK. In the field, T. M. T.

302. AT THE SVN TAVERN. The SUn. R. VPON BRID-
WELL STEPS. In the field, A. E. C.

303. AT Y:E PYD. BVLL IN. A bull. R. OVLD BRID WELL,
1652. In the field, M. A. E.

304. THIS HALFPENY BELONGING TO Y E . The city arms.
R. HOSPITAL OF BRIDEWELL, LONDON. The City
arms."

"195 ROBERT CHAPMAN AT BRIDE — Woodmongers' arms,
in the field. Rev. Well Dock . his half peny
— In the field, R. E. C.

196 ROBERT CHAPMAN AT — Woodmongers' arms, in the
field. Rev. BRIDEWELL DOCKE — In field, R. E. C.

The farthing ; of less size than the preceding.

197 GILES RAY.WOODMONG — Woodmongers arms, in field.
Rev. AT BRIDWELL DOCKE — lu the field, G. I. R.

Bridewell dock was formerly a landing-place used by the Thames watermen ;
hence the many houses of entertainment. In Lodowick Barry-'s Ram Alley, or
Merrie Trickes, printed in 1611, 4to., Will Smallshankes and the rest of his fellows,
while being conducted after supper by torchlight, from the Mitre in Fleet street
to the Savoy, are set on, swords drawn, by Throat and his desperadoes, who carry
oflF the pretended heiress unperceived towards St. Giles's ; Thomas Smallshankes,
nettled at this scurvy luck, affirms she had run off towards Fleet bridge ; but
Will asserting it as a thing not possible, Thomas reiterates —

" Upon my life.
They went in by the Greyhound, and so strooke
Into Bridewell, — to take water at the dock." — Sign. E i.

The Greyhound was a well-known tavern on the south side of Fleet street.
Bridewell dock, described by Pope, in his caustic lines —

" — where Fleet ditch with disemboguing streams
Rolls its large tribute of dead dogs to Thames,"

was that portion of New Bridge street from Tudor street to Chatham place. The
now road-way for carriages and horses being then water issuing into the Thamea
from Fleet ditch. See Whishaw's Plan of London before and after the Fire."

---

Clarkson

3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares

• William Clarkson, shipwright

WILD GUESS: PROB 11/373/478 Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex 18 August 1683

• SP 46/136/406 State Papers Domestic: Supplementary. ADMIRALTY. Certificate that William Clarkson is not a shipwright. 3 Feb.1666 [4 signatures].

---

Colvile

2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares

• John Colvile, of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlsex, was Gunner of the Owners Adventure, aged 36, when he deposed in Batson against Gosling et al on 29/12/1656

• Robert Colvile, presumably a brother, father, or uncle, was a (?part) owner and pilot of the Owners Adventure, and went on the whole whaling voyage in the summer of 1656. Robert Colvile was the principal defendant in a suit brought by Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne in Chancery against Robert Colvile John Colvile and William Clarkson. Just the answer of Robert Colvile et al appears to have survived in the Chancery records at TNA

Possible sources

• C 5/419/101

Short title: Colvile v Cooze. Plaintiffs: John Colvile and others. Defendants: Peter Cooze and others. Subject: money matters. Document type: bill, answer, three schedules Date: 1667

• C 10/153/20 Bence, Crispe, Colvile, Hoare, Warring, Graves v. Hnyvett, Saywell: Middx 1670

• C 10/470/94 Maynard v Colvile, Portman, Cutler, Royle and Bradford: Middlesex. 1670

• C 5/588/4 Ash v. Colvile: Middlesex. 1672

- COULD THIS BE FRANCIS ASH?

• C 6/210/67 Short title: Roberts v Colville. Plaintiffs: Gabriel Roberts . Defendants: Dorothy Colville , John Colville and Robert Bowes . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1673

• C 5/480/51 Fenne v. Colvile: Middlesex. 1673

• C 22/186/2 Snell v. Colville. 1674

• C 9/127/23 Fenn v. Colville. 1677

• C 5/536/93 Pecke v. Colville. 01 January 1613 - 31 December 1714

• C 22/335/17 Collville v Colville. 3 commissions. 01 January 1558 - 31 December 1714

• C 22/336/28 Colville v Colville. 01 January 1558 - 31 December 1714

• E 133/27/50 Exchequer: King's Remembrancer: Barons' Depositions. Broome v Colville. 17 November 1558 - 22 January 1901

Definite sources

• C 6/134/15 Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters.Document type: answer only.

---

Damerell

Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares

Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692_

Damerell (and variants)

"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."

Trinity House of Deptford

"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]

Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."

"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]

In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, James Damarell, Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."

---

Eccleston

• Richard Eccleston

- "The free adventurers (Edward Whitwell and
Richard Eccleston of Hull being the leaders)
chiefly Hull men, commenced an agitation. They
appeared before the Committee of the Council of
State appointed to inquire into the question, and
in addition printed a broadside addressed to
Parliament and every member thereof."
(XXX, p.143)

WILD GUESS MATCH: PROB 11/317/244 Will of Richard Eccleston, Merchant of London. 20 July 1665

---

Ely

1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares

---

ffoarde

5. Maurice ffoard of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and the County of Middlesex Brewer aged thirty yeares

---

Fishman

William Fishman, master and part owner of the Peace of London, on whaling voyage in ?summer 1653

• "November 1653: Nov. 10:

7. The petition of Wm. Fishman, part owner and master of the Peace of London, referred to the Admiralty Judges, to state the matter of fact and report. Annexing,

133. i. Report thereon by the said judges that the petitioner owns ¼ of the ship, that the owners let it to Mr. Beane and others, and that Fishman went to look after the ship, and — Child as master, both on wages. That she took a Dutch prize, and the Council of State, on 10 June 1653, adjudged 2/3 thereof to Beane and the freighters, excluding Fishman and the mariners, because they were under wages.—Doctors' Commons, 30 Nov. 1653. [1 page.]"

• [March 8. (1653/54)] 39, Petition of Richard Childe, master, Wm. Fishman, part owner, mate, and pilot, and the mariners of the Peace of London, to the Protector. On a fishing voyage to Greenland, surprised the Frinte of Rotterdam, laden with lead, hemp, and oil for Rochelle, and brought her to England; but Hum. Beane and the rest of the freighters have obtained an order from the late Council of State [see 10 June 1653], whereby petitioners are deprived of any benefit of the prize, though the Court of Admiralty can show no precedent of freighters or merchants having an interest in such prizes, because if they are injured, the owners are bound to make good to them. Beg consideration of their pains and danger in taking the ship, and an order for the proportion allowed to Beane, to avoid a tedious suit in the Admiralty, which their employment in the service will not allow them to attend. With order by the Protector, 22 February 1653-4 that Council revoke the order of 10 June 1653, and distribute the prize amongst the master, seamen, and mariners. [1 page.]

Annexing, 39. i. Certificate by Lancelot Russell and 14 others to the truth of the petition, and also that the merchants concerned were much profited by the voyage, Childe having killed three whales before the other ships came. [1 page, 12 signatures.]"

TNA evidence of a William Fishman of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk

• HCA 30/840/118 Obligation of William Fishman, William Palgrave, merchant, and William Catting, merchant, all of Great Yarmouth, Norf, to Algernon [Percy], earl of Northumberland, lord high admiral, in the sum of £1,000. Condition that William Fishman appear at the High Court of Admiralty in Southwark, London, to answer the charges of James Stander. Signed William Fishman, William Palgrave, William Catting and John Woodruff (ff. 272, 273) 1641 Jan 24.

• SEE ALSO: HCA 30/840/154List of persons including: Vicente de Ayrolo, John Bassinew, Berkeley, Bewly, Birdsey, Robert Blewett, Bradley, Broughton, Burr, Thomas Burr, Thomas Burton, James Carrett, Tobias Curnett, Richard Dermott, Paul Dodd, Earlisman, Fishman, ? Foshman, Hargreaves, James Heath, Jacob Jacobson, merchant of London, William Seaman, Francis Searle, Michael de Spinoza, Stanley, Suckley, John Tinckler, Francis Topp, William Wilkinson, and ships including: Adventure, Beginning of Boston, Expedition of Plymouth, Fortune, George, Golden Star, Hart, Hope, James of Bordeaux, John, Mathias and Tobias, Michael, Nicholas, Nightingale, Panther, Royal, Sara, Speedwell, St John of Rotterdam, St Martin, St Sebastian, Stockholm, Walsingham (ff. 344, 345) c 1651

Secondary source evidence of William Fishman

• A William Fishman identified by Dr Elaine Murphy as the master of the Adventure

Mr Fishman in London merchant John Paige's letters

• A Mr Fishman, master of a ship, appears twice in the merchant John Paige's letters.

e.g. "17. (fn. 4) to William Clerke
22 March 1650

… [H]ave received none from you, which makes me the briefer at present, having written you and Mr Paynter at large per several ships which have gone from hence.

Our principals here do lay load. I never knew such quantity of goods sent and now to go. I believe Mr [John] Turner hath £10,000 cargazon in this ship [the Island Merchant], Mr Steward, and Sidrake Blake will be ready to go 20 days hence, which ship will carry at least 400 packs of goods. Likewise Mr Fishman is making ready to carry a great cargazon to Mr [John] Webber and [Robert] Pearson. I was told yesterday for certain that Mr Garland and your cousin [George] Clerke hath freighted a ship of 150 ts which will be ready very suddenly. God send her well to you."

---

Gilbert

Richard Gilbert

2. Richard Gilbert of Wapping in the parish of Stepney Shipwright aged 45 yeares : June 15th 1653 ("same day") (marke) [Inspection of this document shows detailed list of work done to the Dove at Thomas Taylor’s yard]

SEE POSSIBLE MATCH: PROB 11/321/134 Will of Richard Gilbert, Shipwright of Stepney, Middlesex. 23 June 1666

---

Girling

• HCA 13/125: The personall answeares of Richard Batson made to the posicons or Artcles of a Libell given against him on the behalfe of Robert Girling" (dated August 29th 1653)

• SEE ALSO: C 6/127/8 Short title: Battson v Girling. Plaintiffs: Richard Battson . Defendants: Robert Girling , James Salmon and Humphrey Beane . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, plea. Date: 1655 Subjects:Litigation

Various

• "> From: Lynn S. Teague <teague@u.arizona.edu>

> To: EFSS-L@rootsweb.com
> Subject: Re: [EFSS] Hazlewood
> Date: Sunday, May 07, 2000 9:44 PM

...The earliest 17th century Haselwood mariner reference that I've found:
> S.R. 05103, p. 1
> High Court of Admiralty. Instance and Proze Courts: Book of Acts.
> 1645-47.
> “. . . the suit which Robert Girling and other, owners of the Dove,
> bring against William Hazelwood (see report No. 4205).”"

(http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/EFSS/2000-05/0957750621, viewed 13/02/13)

---

Goldegay

Various

"WOODMONGERS. A sword erect, hilled and crowned (or
entiled -with a dncal coronet) between twoflaunches each charged
with a faggot (or bundle of laths). On one token, that of Govin
Gouldegay, of Whitefriars, the arms are a chevron between three
faggots."

(XX, p. 86)

575 - Museum of London
Items 3445 - 3450 of 4046 ... Gawain Gouldegay, a woodmonger, issued this trade token, worth a farthing, for his business in Whitefriars, in the ward of Farringdon ...
www.museumoflondon.org.uk/.../searchresults.aspx?...

Trade Token | Museum of London
Gawain Gouldegay, a woodmonger, issued this trade token, worth a farthing, for his business in Whitefriars, in the ward of Farringdon Without, City of London.
www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections.../object.aspx?...1

BHOL

"Goldegay (Goldegan, Gouldegay):
-, Gawen or Gaven, i. 1010; ii. 195.
-, Lieut.-Colonel Gawen, i. 1123."

"(1649: March 27) 15. Luke Williams, living in Bermondsey Street, near to the
Christopher, and William Saul, in St. Olave's Street, near the water
gate, and Lieut.-Col. Gouldegay, near to Pickle Herring, summoned
for to-morrow."

(SOURCE: CSPD, 1649-50, p.56: http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/cu31924091770408#page/n139/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13)

"(1649: March 29) 12. Luke Williams, William Saul, and Lieut.-Col. Gouldegay to
attend the Council. "

(source: CSPD, 1649-50,p.58) http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/cu31924091770408#page/n141/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13

SEE: September 1647 - Ordinance to settle the Militia of Southwark. ...

... Pashfeild, Mr. James Burton, Mr. Samuell Lynne, Mr. Ambrose Andrewes, Mr. Robert
Banyard, Mr. Richard Luen, Mr. Peter Delanoy, Mr. Gowen Goldegay, Mr. William ...
Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660 (1911)

"May 11. Council. Day's Proceedings {cont.)

24. Order on representatii >n by the Commissioners for Customs
and Excise, — that in trying to recover debts owing, and arrears for
prize goods, they find from the late Prize Goods' Commissioners that
in 1653, 53,000 lbs. of tobacco, now at Yarmouth, taken in the
Hollander of Flushing, was sold to Gowen Goldegay, and by him
transferred to others, who refuse to take it away, so that it is
perished, and none will buy it, as not being worth customs and
excise — that the buyers thereof may dispose of it here, or export it,
customs and excise free, but that no other tobacco is to be exempted
from payment of duty by colour of this order. Approved 3 June.
Annexing,

26. Representation on tcMch the said order is founded, sug-
gesting its free disposal, or nothing will be made of it,
and his Highness will have to pay rent for the ware-
house where it is, as he has done these 4 years. 27 April
1658. [1 page.]"

"10. The report of the Customs' Commissioners on an order of
24 November 1657, concerning sums of money certified as due to
the State on several parcels of tobacco sold by the Prize Goods'
Commissioners, viz. : — 961l. 6s. 2d., the remains of 3,797l. 4s. Od.
for a parcel sold by Jas. Wainwright and John Jeffries ; and
1,109l. 16s. 3d., the remains of 8,829l. 5s. 9d. for a parcel sold to
John Day and transferred to Wainwright and Jeffries ; and 1,800l.,
the remains of 3,040l. 12s. 3d. for a parcel sold to Gowen Goldegay,
in trust for Jos. Drue, who transferred it to Day, and he to
Wainwright and Jeffries — with the reasons therein contained for
charging the said sums on Wainwright and Jeffries, as debts due to
the State, referred to the Treasury Commissioners, to order the
sums to be got in."

Email to Philip, 27/01/13

• SEE marriage of Mary Gouldegay (birthplace Whitefriars, same as residence of putative Gowen Goldegay at death) to Richard Barroe (birthpalce canterbury, Kent). marriage date (popst death of putative father): 03 May 1660 , St. Dunstan In The West, London, England to "England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NJ7B-DH9 : accessed 27 Jan 2013), Richard Barroe and Mary Gouldegay, ; citing St. Dunstan In The West, London, England, reference yr 1645-1739; FHL microfilm 396196.. NOTE: Whitefriars was in or near parish of Saint Dunstan in the West, London (though disputed in parliament at the time)

• SEE marriage of Anne Gouldegay to Ralph Smith, 27 Dec 1658 , St Dunstan In The West, London, England (It is just possible that this is Gowen Goldgaye's widow, whow as called Anne)

- "England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NJ7B-Z8W : accessed 28 Jan 2013), Ralph Smith and Ann Gouldegay, ; citing St. Dunstan In The West, London, England, reference yr 1645-1739; FHL microfilm 396196.

- PROB 11/320/58 Will of Ralph Smith of Saint Dunstan in the West, City of London 05 March 1666 (DOWNLOADED, 28/01/13)

-- This is a nuncipative will, dictated on Ralph Smith's death bed on May 23rd 1665 at the house of his brother and his brother's wife, Mr Francis Smith and Mary Smith, at Pond Streete in the parish of Hemsted (i.e. Hampstead), Middlesex. he instructed that he should be buried in the church of hempstead and that the bulk of his estate (bo details or value) should be left to "his loving wife Anne Smith". Mentions two brothers. Does not mention any children of his own. The will was administered and granted to "Anna Piman als Smith uxor Jacobi Pitman relict et residuar legatarX nominate in testamento Radulphi Smyth"

- HEARTH TAX, Hampstead, 1666

"Hamsted:
Ld Wotton 36 hearths s "Empty then"
Fro: (sic) Smith 11 hearths s
Mr Davenport 10 hearths s
John Wilde 17 hearths s"

'Hearth Tax: Middlesex 1666: Hampstead ', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=118848 Date accessed: 28 January 2013.

(CSG: The above "Fro: Smith" is the only plausible Smith entry for Hampstead in the 1666 hearth tax-. The otehr Smiths are Thomas and John, with just 2 hearths each)

- C 6/196/81 Short title: Lee v Smith. Plaintiffs: William Lee. Defendants: Anne Smith widow. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer, schedule. 1671.

- IGI: BURIAL: Ralph Smith 23 Jul 1681 St. Dunstan In The West, London, England "England Deaths and Burials, 1538-1991," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JDQY-XNG : accessed 28 Jan 2013), Ralph Smith, 23 Jul 1681; citing [REFERENCE-ERROR], reference ; FHL microfilm 396197.

• Note existence of an Edward Goldegay, London merchant tailor

---

Golding(Goulding

James Golding/Goulding

---

Halley

Name varians: Halley (alt. Hawley, Hally)

• Edmund Halley, one of the three owners of the John of Berkshire and the Sarah may have been a prominent soap boiler of London. If the ship owner involved in litigation with Captain William Thomas in 1658 was the soap boiler, then his son, also named Edmund Halley, was Edmond Halley (1656-1742), MA, LLD, FRS, Capt. RN, Savillian Professor of Geometry and Astronomer Royall (see HCA 13/128 no fol.).

Most secondary sources writing on the astronomer Halley have not identified the first name of the astronomer's father, but have noted that he was a soap boiler.

A recent biographer of the astronomer son, Allan H Clark (1999), states that "Halley's father, in business as a soap boiler, was a Salter, although the Tallow Chandlers was possibly a more natural company for soap boilers, and his father had been a Vintner"

- "(Edmund) Halley's father, in business as a soap boiler, was a Salter, although the Tallow Chandlers was possibly a more natural company for soap boilers, and his father had been a Vintner...Winchester Street, the Halley family home for twelve years or more, was in the inner ward of Broad Street. Relatives and associates of Halley lived in the adjacent parishes of St Peter-le-Poer and St Helen Bishopsgate, all wealthy districts."

However, Sir James Bird's survey of Shoreditch, in discussing the astronomer's birthplace in Shoreditch, cites the London Gazette (1680), which referred to "Mr. Edmund Hally the elder" (March 6-10, 1683/84)and "Mr. Edmund Hally the elder" (20–24 March, 1683–4).

If Clark (1999:6) is correct that the astronomer's father was a salter, then there are archival records of the Salters company which should be examined, especially

--Minutes of the Court of Assistants from 1627
--Membership records from 1636
--Accounts from 1659

See: Archives of The Salters’ Company, http://www.salters.co.uk/TheCompany/Archives/tabid/68/Default.aspx, viewed 31/01/13

Accessing the Archives

All the archives are kept at Salters’ Hall, with the exception of the archives of the Company’s former estates in Northern Ireland, which are held at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in Belfast www.proni.gov.uk.

Research enquiries from both Company members and members of the public are always welcomed.

For further details on the archives and how they can be accessed please contact the Company Archivist, Katie George.

E-mail: katie@salters.co.uk
Telephone: 0207 588 5216 ext. 225

• J. Steven Watson, A history of the Salters' company (Oxford, 1663)

• Speculatively, an Edmund Halley appears in the hearth tax records for with 9 hearths for Finsbury: Artillery South, which is ca. 500 metres outh of Shoreditch

"Finsbury: Artillery South

...Edmund Halley 9 (hearths) s
John Farrington 10 (hearths) s
Samuell Smith 10 (hearths) s
Thomas Rice 6 (hearths) s
Thomas Rice 6 (hearths) s
Lawrance Hacket 10 (hearths) s..."'

• "Shoreditch in 1656 was a suburb of the City of London and the future Astronomer Royal was born there, the first of his parents’ three children. He was born at the right time for his talents and to the right background in a rich and prominent City family. His father was a soapboiler, a member of the Salters’ Company and a freeman of the City. His grandfather had been Master of the Vintners’ Company and an alderman, and the family owned substantial property in the City. The name was presumably pronounced Hawley, which is how it was frequently spelled. His parents seem to have married only two months before his birth, but there is some uncertainty about the exact dates.

The boy went to St Paul’s School, which was burned down in the Great Fire when he was ten. The family went to live in Winchester Street in the City, among a cluster of wealthy and influential neighbours. Halley was already keenly interested in astronomy and mathematics. His mother died in in 1672 and his father married again (he would be murdered in mysterious circumstances in 1684). The son went to the Queen’s College, Oxford, at sixteen in 1673. He published his first scientific papers there, started to collaborate with John Flamsteed, first Astronomer Royal, and made a good impression on Christopher Wren, Rob"ert Hooke and the King."

• "There seem to have been two large houses: (i) the "great messuage" attached to Burgoyn's, occupied in the beginning of the 18th century by Edmond Lidgold; and (ii) the capital messuage in Haggerston, occupied in the 16th century by Sir Roger Cholmley, and at the time of his death (1565) let to Paul Pope. The water-colour sketch by Shepherd of a gateway of brick and stone, mentioned in the issue of Notes and Queries for 23rd January, 1909, obviously represented the remains of one of these two houses. The mount bore an inscription to the effect that the picture represented the residence of Dr. Halley at Haggerston. The statement that Edmund Halley, the famous astronomer, was born (29th October, 1656) "in Shoreditch parish, at a place called Haggerston, the backside of Hogsdon," rests on the authority of Aubrey, (fn. 56) a contemporary. It has not been found possible to obtain confirmation of the statement. The house attached to Burgoyn's was in 1664 in the occupation of Allen Badger, who stated that he and his father-in-law, William Morris, had held the premises for 35 years. (fn. 57) That attached to Hickman's was left in 1612 to Margery Smith for life. She was living there in 1615, (fn. 58) and in the sale to Sir Thomas Byde in 1662 the house is described as "since in the occupation of Margery Smith and late in that of Elizabeth Wiseman." There is nothing in the above inconsistent with a short sub-lease to Halley's father, but any long occupation by the family is quite unlikely and any idea that Halley resided there when grown up must be relinquished. The town residence of the family was in Winchester Street. (fn. 59)"

FN. 56 = Lives of Eminent Men, Clark's edn., I., p. 282.

FN. 57 = Chancery Proceedings, ut supra.

FN. 58 = She is described as "de Haggerston" in the extent of the property of her late husband, Richard Smith, on 10 May 1615 (Court of Wards, Feodaries Surveys, Midd., 26).

FN. 59 = The facts concerning his father's death are obscure. The following extracts from the London Gazette do not seem to have been noticed in the biographies, and as they have some slight connection with Shoreditch, may be interesting:—

"Mr. Edmund Hally the elder went from his house in Winchester Street on Wednesday last, promising to return home the same evening, but hath not since returned, and upon all enquiries made after him cannot be heard of, which makes it feared violent hands have been laid upon him. He is a tall man, of about 60 years of age, had on a black cloth suit, with an iron gray cloth coat. Whoever gives notice of him to his wife in Winchester Street shall have twenty guineas reward." (March 6–10, 1683–4.)

"Mr. Edmund Hally, who went from his house in Winchester Street on Wednesday the 5th inst. about 1 of the clock, not having yet been heard of, otherwise than that it's thought he was seen that evening towards Hogsden with two men, the one a tall, the other a short man. The said Mr. Hally is a tall man of about 60 years of age, having a mole on his right cheek, with a plain Band, a brown short Perriwig, and a broad brim'd black Beaver, having a black cloth suit on, his Breeches wide at knees, and an iron gray cloth coat over it, and black worsted stockings on. Whoever brings true notice of the said Mr. Halley, to his wife, Mrs. Halley, in the said Winchester Street, where he is alive or dead, shall have £100 for a reward, which shall immediately be paid, by her, or at a goldsmith's." (20–24 March, 1683–4).

- "EDMUND HALLEY.

The eldest son of (BLANK IN BOOK) Halley, a wealthy
citizen of the city of London, a soap-boyler. Of
the Halleys, of Derbyshire, a good family. He
was born in Shoreditch parish, at a place called
Haggerston, the backside of Hogsdon.

At 9 years old, his father's apprentice taught
him to write, and arithmetique. He went to
Paule's schoole to Dr. Gale, while he was there
he was very perfect in the Coelestial Globe, inso-
much that I heard Mr. Moxon (the Globe-maker)
say, that if a star were misplaced in the Globe,
he would presently find it out. At (BLANK IN BOOK) he stu-
dyed Geometry, and at 16 could make a dyall,
and then he said he thought himself a brave

fellow. At (BLANK IN BOOK) went to Queen's College, in
Oxon, well versed in Lat. Greek, and Hebr.
where at the age of nineteen he solved this useful
probleme, never done before, viz. "From 3 dis-
tances given from the Sun, and Angles between,
to find the Orbe;" mentioned in the Philosophical
Transactions, Aug. (or Sept.) 1676. No. 115,
for which his name will be ever famous.

A.° Dni (BLANK IN BOOK)tooke his degree of Bacc. Art.

A.° Dni (BLANK IN BOOK) tooke his degree of Master of
Arts.

A. left Oxon, and lived at London with his
father till (BLANK IN BOOK) at which time he gott leave, and
a viaticum of his father, to goe to the Island of
Sancta Hellena, purely upon the account of ad-
vancement in Astronomy, to make the globe of
the Southern Hemisphere right, which before was
very erroneous, as being done only after the ob-
servation of ignorant seamen. There he stayed
(BLANK IN BOOK) months ; there went over with him (among
others) a woman (BLANK IN BOOK) yeares old, and her husband
(BLANK IN BOOK) old, who had no child in (BLANK IN BOOK) years ; before
he came from the island, she was brought to bed
of a child. At his returne, he presented his Pla-
nisphere, with a short description, to his Majty
who was very well pleased with it ; but received
nothing but prayse.

A.° 1678, he added a spectacle-glass to the sha-
dow-vane of the lesser arch of the Sea-quadrant,
(or back-staffe) which is of great use ; for that

that spot of light will be manifest when you can-
not see any shadow.
He went to Dantzick to visit Hevelius, A.° 167(BLANK IN BOOK)
December 1, 1680, went to Paris."

Chancery Records

C 5/367/19

Short title: Halley v Fuller.
Plaintiffs: Edmund Halley, Mary Halley his wife, and others.
Defendants: Francis Bostock Fuller, and others.
Subject: personal estate of the deceased Edward Tooke of St Giles in the Fields, Middlesex.
Document type: bill, answer
Date 1683

C 6/399/71
Short title: Cony v Halley.
Plaintiffs: George Cony esq, of London and Anne Cony (alias Anne Halley alias Anne Waller) his wife.
Defendants: Edmund Halley merchant of London.
Subject: Recovery of £600 paid to the defendant (who was described as a soapboiler) under the terms of the will of Dudley Lovell merchant, of St James Garlickhithe, London, deceased, for him to invest for the benefit of the plaintiff Ann and her children. He had failed to do so: mentions William Halley, of Peterborough, Northamptonshire and William Waller esq, of London,.
Document type: bill, answer.
Date: 1683

C 10/199/38
Halley v. Cony: Middlesex and Lincoln
1680

C 10/208/46
Halley v. Cony and Picke: Middlesex.
1680

++++

"SOME MATERIAL FOR A PEDIGREE OF DR. EDMOND HALLEY.

John Aubrey records that Dr. Halley's father belonged to "the
Halleys of Derbyshire, — a good family," and gives the coat
armorial: "Sable, a fret and a canton argent." Searches made
at London and Oxford for a manuscript account of the Halley
family have been unfruitful, and, unless such a document exists
in private possession, it would appear that no complete pedigree
of the famous second Astronomer Royal has ever been compiled.
The College of Arms has no record of any grant having been
made to any person bearing the surname Halley, but the assertion
that the coat : " Sa, fretty and a canton arg." was borne by the
families of Hales, Hauley, co. Devon ; Hawleys," has been deemed
suggestive of a possible relationship between the Halley and Hawley
families. Tn fact, some examples were discovered of the two
spellings having been used indifferently in one family. An
illustration of this is afforded by the name of Elizabeth Hawley,
daughter of Peter Hawley, son of Robert Hawley and Elizabeth
Kiddell, his wife, who are severally recorded under " Steward of
Pattishall," in the published " Visitations of Northamptonshire, made
in 1561 and 1618-19." Robert Hawley is described as "of
Wittering" in Harleian MS. 1553, folio 205, while the will of
Elizabeth Halley, of Whittering, is indexed as of record between
the years 1520-26, in the "Calendar of Wills . . . Northampton
and Rutland," edited by W. P. W. Phillimore, M.A., B.C.L.
The village of Wittering, or Whittering, is situate about six miles
west of Peterborough, in which latter place William Halley, an
uncle of Dr. Halley, is known to have resided, circa 1673.

Amongst the wills and administrations recorded at Lichfield are
twenty one under the surname Halley. In seven instances the
place of residence is named, and out of these seven, five are in
Derbyshire. It follows, therefore, that of the total, probably about
fifteen relate to the latter county, between the years 1533 and
1630. From this collection the six entries next below are ex-
tracted : —

Will of Thomas Halley, Elmeton, 1533 (page 48).

,, ,, Henry Halley, Youlgreave, 1536 (page 49).

,, ,, liichard Halley, Ash borne, 1552 (page 54).

,, ,, Robert Halley, Youlgreave, 1558 (page 57).

„ ,, Robert Halley, Youlgreave, 1559 (page 58).
Adm. of Humphrey and Margaret Halley, 1597 (page 241).

Many of the early wills are unregistered. The last-named
Humphrey Halley may have been the grandfather or grand-uncle
of his namesake, an abstract of whose will now follows:

"Humphrey Halley, the elder, formerly citizen and vintner of
London, now of Alconbury, Hunts. Whereas I had a lease from
the city of London, of land in Candlewich Street, in the parish
of Eastcheap, assigned to son Humphrey, Apr. 25, 1669. Lease
from the company of fishmongers, of ground known by name of the
sign of the Unicorn, in parish of All Hallows, Lombard Street,
assigned to son William, Apr. 25, 1669. To son William, house
in Fore Street, More Land and Purse Alley, in parish of St. Giles,
Cripplegate. 40s./- to poor of parish of Alconbury. Daughter
Elizabeth Cawthorne, sole executrix ; residue to her. Dated May 7,
1672. Witnesses: Ambrose Cooker, Henery Aubrey, the mark of
Edw. Phillips, Anne Morte. Codicil same date (and same witnesses) ;
daughter Elizabeth to administer only for debts for which 1 have'
given security since Mar. 24, 1664. William Halley to administer
for obligations incurred before that date. Item : I give to my son
Edmond Halley, having formerly had and received of me, a full
filial or child's portion, the sum of £5. Proved Oct. 23, 1672, by
both executors. (P.C.C., reg. Eure, 122.)"

The year 1663 seems to mark the first purchase of land in
Alconbury by Humphrey Halley, 9 but it is not clear whether the
purchaser was the abovenamed testator or his son Humphrey, who
appears to have been buried at Alconbury, May 26th, 1676.' u It
seems reasonably, though not positively," certain, however, that
Humphrey Halley, vintner (who, in his will, describes himself as
" very aged ") married Katherine Mewce, daughter of Nicholas
Mewce and Elizabeth Morant, his wife. In the parish records
of Alconbury, is the entry of the burial of Katherine Halley, wife
of Humphrey, September 12th, 1668. Elizabeth Morant was a
daughter of Edmond Morant of London. Here we find the probable
origin of the astronomer's Christian name, Edmond, which he
always spelt thus, when he did not abbreviate it into " Edm.,"
as was his usual practice. The pedigree of Mewce of Holdenby,

tracing from John Mewce of Calais, is especially interesting
in tliis connection, for it gives a plausible explanation of the
names Francis, Elizabeth and [Catherine, as well as Edmond, in
the Halley family. Francis Mewce, a brother of Katherine, married,
26 May, 1615, Elizabeth Washington, daughter of Lawrence
Washington, of Sulgrave.

Of the three sons of Humphrey Halley, vintner, William and
Humphrey, junior, made their wills as follows : —

" William Halley of the city of Peterborough. To son Francis
Halley, brick-built houses in Fanchurch Street in the OCCup'n of
John Hay ton and William Warrington, and to the hay res of his
body, and for want of such hayres, to my wife for tier natural]
life and after her decease to the hayres or assigns of loving wife
Ann Halley. To poor of Peterborough £5. To brothers Humphrey
and Edmund Halle}' £10 a piece To wife, her heires or assigns,
all houses in Moire Lane, Purs Alley and Fore Street, in Cripple
gate. Residue to wife. Wife sole executrix Dated Jan. 30, 1673.
Proved by Ann Halley, Mar. 6, 1674-5. (P.C.C., reg. Dycer,
fo. 146.)"

"Humfrey Halley, of London, gent. To two kinsmen Edmund
Halley and Humfrey Halley £100 a piece. To kinswoman Catherine
Cawthorne £60. To kinswoman Ann Cawthorne £100. To Ann
Partridge of Alconbury and her two daughters, Elizabeth Partridge
and Anne Monke £5 a piece. To kinsman Humfrey Cawthorne
£50. To Elizabeth Goodwin, wife of Joseph Goodwin, citizen and
goldsmith of London £30. To Elizabeth, daughter of above named,
£20. To Sarah Robson of London 40s/- per annum for life. Also
£o to Sarah Robson. To Susan Sandwith, widow, of Alconbury,
£3 per annum for life. To John Kersey £5. To Samuel Trott
40s/-. 1s/ a piece to the rest of my near relations (not in this
my will named) to be paid to him, her or them when he, she or
they, each, every or any of them shall come and demand the same
of my ex'ors, and not before. The rest and residue I do with a
free heart wholly give and bequeath to my loving and well beloved
brother, Edmund Halley, Citizen and Salter of London and I do
hereby make and ordaine him, my said loving brother, my sole
ex'or. Dated Feb. 23, 1674-5. Witnesses : John Payne, John
Plomer, Thomas Mewce. Proved by Edmund Halley, June 3, 1676.
(P.C.C., reg. Bence, fo. 66.)"

The fact that one Thomas Mewce was a witness to the will of
Humfrey Halley is significant. Elizabeth Cawthorne, wife of John,
was buried at Alconbury, Sept. 28, 1673, according to the parish-
register. She must have been identical with the elder Humphrey
Halley's daughter, whose death, presumably, took place between
October, 1672, when she proved her father's will, and February,
1671-5, when her brother, Humfrey Halley, made his will.

Edmond Halley, Salter, who was the father of Dr. E. Halley, was
twice married, and died intestate, in April, 1684. Letters of ad-
ministration of his estate were; granted 30th June, 1684, to Sir John
Buckworth and Richard Young, " in utum et beneficium Joannae
Halley relictae dicti defuueti et Edmundi H alley > Jilii dicti <U-
fuitcti." __Richard Young was the nominee of the widow, while Sir
John Buckworth was appointed by the astronomer to represent his
interests, as is shown by some Chancery proceedings, " Young vs.
Halley,"__ in the Public Record Office, 1693. The will of Sir John
Buckworth, as of the parish of St. Peter le Poer (1668, reg. Exton,
folio 2), makes no mention of Edmond Halley, and the document
affords no evidence of any relationship having existed between
them.

In the " Biographia Britannica " one finds concerning Edmond
Halley, Salter, these meagre remarks : —

" Possessed of an estate of a thousand pounds a year in houses,
before the fire of London, yet as he was a great sufferer by that
fire, so entriug into an imprudent second marriage he became
unable to renew the leases of his houses when the old ones expired,
whence it came to pass, that his fortune mouldring away by degrees,
sunk at last into a low ebb."

Among his possessions in 1666 was a house containing nine hearths,
in Finsbury, St. Giles, Cripplegate.

Respecting the birth of Dr. Edmond Halley, the astronomer, we
have this record made by his contemporary, John Aubrey : —

"Mr. Edmund Hally, astronomer, born October 29, 1656, London —
this nativity I had from Mr. Hally himself . . . He was born in
Shoreditch parish, at a place called llaggerston, the backside of
Hogsdon."

A confirmatory and, in some respects, complementary, statement
appears in the " Biographia Britannica " : —

" Edmund Halley was born near London, October 29, 1656, in
the parish of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, at a place called Haggerston,
which then consisted of little more besides a country-house belonging
to his father, Edmund Halley, who was a Citizen and Soapboiler
in 'Winchester Street." '--

As there is no record in the parish of Shoreditch of the baptism
of Dr. Halley, during the three months subsequent to his birth,
it seems possible that he may have been baptised in the parish of
St. Giles, Cripplegato, the church of which, by the way, is said
to be in one of the most interesting parts of London. On that
spot Oliver Crouiwoll took unto himself a wife, and there also,
was laid to rest all that was not immortal of John Milton.

The name of Dr. Halley's mother, the first wife of his father,
has not been discovered. This is most unfortunate, for it lias justly
been remarked that the pedigree of a genius is quite incomplete
without some record of his maternal ancestry. The astronomer has
been described as an only child, but .lohn Aubrey calls him "the
eldest son," and we now know that he had a younger brother,
Humphrey, who died circa 1684....."

Soapmaker inventories

Somerset Archive and Record Service VARIOUS deeds, etc. DD\CHG/48 1674-1893 10 docts.
Contents: Probates of wills of Hugh Spiller, eld. of Donyatt, soapmaker, with inventory, dat. 1675, pr. 1679, and Hugh Spiller of Crock St., Ilminster, soapboiler, with inventory, dat. 1726 pr. 1728;

---

Horth

SEE THE FOLLOWING: (http://audio34.archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa04offigoog/calendarstatepa04offigoog_djvu.txt, viewed 21/04713)

CSPD, 1654 (London, 1886), p. 30

"March 15.(1653/54) 84. Order in the Committee for Greenland, on presentation of
names of persons to attend this Committee, that Fras. Ashe, John
Dickons, and Hugh Norris attend for the Muscovy Company ; for
Edw. Whitwell and co., John Warner, and Edw. Whitwell ; for Thos.
Horth, and co., Thos. Horth, sen., and for Rich. Perkins, Fras. Pargiter.
[Draft, 1 page.] Annexing,

84. I. List of Tui-Aies presemted hj the Muscovy Compwny for their
committee, viz., Ashe, Dickons, and Norris, Steven Whyte,
and Phil. Colley. [Scrap.]

84. n. Note hy Rich. Hawkins of nameS drawn by the Hull
Adventurers for their committee, viz. : Roger Drayton,
John Jolliffe, Geo. Poyner, Fras. Pargiter, Rob. Cumminge.
[Scrap.]

March 15, 85. List of the names accepted, with orders to them to attend on
Friday, and note of Hum. Beane and Rich. Batson to attend for
Mr, Batson and co. [1 page.]"

---

• "March 9. 48. List by Thos. Horth of adventurers for Greenland. Thos.

Meadowes of Yarmouth, Major Robert Huntingdon, Thos Horth,
sen., Thos. Horth, jun. [Scrap.]"

(CSPD, 1654, p. 17, http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n65/mode/2up, viewed 30/01713))

• March 9. 46. Edw. Whitwell to Wm. Jessop, Whitehall. I send you 4

London. names ; Arnold Beake, Thos. Muschamp, John Warner, and Edw.
Whitwell, in whom our friends are willing to confide. Also names
of 21 persons of such consequence to the [Greenland] voyage that
it would be overthrown without them ; they should be saved from
impress. Mr. Perkins has always been of the Muscovy company.
[ipage.']"

(CSPD, 1654, p. 17, http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n65/mode/2up, viewed 30/01713))

"Nov. 27, 150. Petition of Arnold Beake, merchant of London, to Council,
for license to transport a horse to Bordeaux for his son Samuel,
who resides there as his factor, horses being scarce in those parts."

(CSP, 1655, p.33

"1655/56. Feb. 15. 62. Petition of Fras. Ashe, governor, and the Muscovy Company,
to the Protector, to free from impress the men whose names are
annexed, being experienced in the whale fishery, without whom the
voyage cannot be mannaged. Notwithstanding former losses, have
prepared 3 ships for Greenland in March, and the loss of their voyage
would be a loss to the State, whale oil and fins being necessary
commodities, [1/3 page)
62. I, List of 37 harpooners and steersman hired for Greenland
for the ensuing year.(1/2 page)

(CSPD, 1655-56 (London, 1882), p.183: http://archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa01offigoog#page/n219/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13)

"1655/56. March 7.. 16. Petition of Capt. Wm. Thomas and Company to the Protector
and Council, for protection from impress of his two vessels, both of
London, bound for the Greenland whalefishery, the John of Berk-
shire, with 5 harpooners and 6 steersmen ; and the Sarah, with
5 harpooners and 6 steersmen ; 35 seamen are but sufficient to
manage the said vessels, and the time for their departure is fully
come, but by reason of the press for seamen, they cannot start.
[1 page.]

1655/56. March 7.. Order thereon in Council, granting 2 protections for the said
2 vessels, and a third for the Adventure, at request of Capt. Whitwell
and Co. I.76, p. 588 ; I.. 112, pp. 282-3.]"

(CSPD, 1655-56 (London, 1882), p.214: http://archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa01offigoog#page/n251/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13)

"1655/56. March 13. 31. Note of a petition referred to the Committee for Petitions, of the
adventurers bound for the whale fishing in Greenland, for warrants
to keep from impress 25 harpooners and steersmen whose names are
given in, that the ships may proceed on their voyage. Order in
Council accordingly, [1/2 page. Also I. 92, No. 354 ; I. 76, p. 600.]"

(CSPD, 1655-56 (London, 1882), p.222: http://archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa01offigoog#page/n259/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13))

"1656. April 3. 7. Petition of Roh, Browning, Edm. Halley, and Wm. Basset, for
the owners of the John of Berkshire, to the Protector and Council,
for letters of marque against the Spaniards, on giving security in
the Admiralty Court, and a just account of what prizes they
take. Have furnished the ship with 16 pieces of ordnance for a
Greenland voyage, but divers ships from Dunkirk, &c, do much spoil
to English ships, and lately carried from the Isle of Wight a ship, of
which Browning was part owner. [3/4 page.] "

(CSPD, 1655-56 (London, 1882), p.250: http://archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa01offigoog#page/n287/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13))

"1656. April 28. 1656. 116. List by Edw. Whitwell and 2 others of 18 officers, har-
pooners, and steersmen for the Damosell, bound for Greenland, some
not being yet shipped.
Also list by Jas. Baker and 3 others of 8 for the Spinner (1 2/3 pages)"

(CSPD, 1655-56 (London, 1882), p.298: http://archive.org/stream/calendarstatepa01offigoog#page/n335/mode/2up, viewed 30/01/13))

---

Joffrey

Jeramie Joffrey, rope maker, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 38

Background on ropemakers

• ADM 106/320/170 William Bodham, Clerk of the Ropeyard and Peter Russell, Master Ropemaker, Woolwich. Receipt of letter and answers the Board's queries in detail about the weight of the drag which is impossible to prescribe rules, but gives account of the length of warp and cable on the stakes. They mention one or two complaints by Captain Tinker of some long jawed cables laid by Bartrum. 1676 Feb 12

• ADM 106/326/29 Henry Lee. He requests to be entered as ropemaker at Chatham, formerly employed there and has since been foreman of a rope ground in London. 1677 Apr 27

• ADM 106/320/187 William Bodham, Clerk of the Ropeyard, Woolwich. He has seized a boat with junk and lodged it in the dock. The boatmen, Henry Williams and Thomas Gould, formerly ropemakers of the yard, say they bought junk and oakum from?Soaner, a taylor who had it from the Swallow about 2 years ago. Captain Chuseman searched the suspected places and found about 1 cwt. of knit yarn in the house of Pierce, a ropemaker here. He wants a warrant for searching suspected places and instructions about the boat the men say was hired. 1676 Sep 13

• ADM 106/318/447 ?G. Peathy, Clerk to the Ropeyard. Receipt of letter, he cannot give an exact account of the weight of the press in laying cables as the master Ropemaker is sick and the foreman in London. He gives an account of the length of the warp and of each cable after being taken off the stakes. 1676 Feb 12

• ADM 106/315/210 Captain A. Beare, Master Attendant, Woolwich. He has several times commented on the sails returned from sea made of Ipswich canvas, which is rotten within 7 or 8 months. The Ropemaker can make boltropes, requests twine for same and by an experiment found these are equal to Flemish boltropes. 1675 Sep 13

Inventories of ropemakers

• PROB 4/9654 Watmer, William, of Lambeth, Surrey, ropemaker. 24 March 1666

• PROB 4/1759 Terrell, William, of St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, Surrey, ropemaker. 15 November 1673

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Kirton

Deposition of Richard Kirton, overseer of the land men on the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound, of Ratcliff in Stepney, aged 40

• Went (by time of depositions) on 16 or 17 voyages to Greenland

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Luckett

Deposition: 4. Lovewell Luckett of the parish of Saint Olave Southwarke Mariner aged twenty two yeares (HCA 13/71 ff,578r-581v)

SEE:
Surrey Hearth Tax, 1664: Bermondsey:

Rot 6D
"Love Luckett 4 hearths"
(http://www.hearthtax.org.uk/communities/surrey/surrey_1664L_transcript.pdf, viewed 26/01/13)

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Messinger/Messenger

• Symon Messinger (HCA 13/72 f.416v) (cf. the John of Barkshire and the Sarah

"19. ........................the arlate William Bassett
20. the arlate Edmund halley and William Thomas part Owners of
21. the three quarter parts of the sayd shipps, and Symon Messinger
22. John Tarleton and Robert Browning arlate part Owners of the other
23. quarter part of the sayd shipps"(HCA 13/72 f.416v)

• "On 19 October 1658, testimony in the suit of Thomas Middleton vs Simon Messinger, Thomas Mather, purser of the Two Sisters in 1656, said Mr. Henry Thompson was Master. Owners were Simon Messinger, Robert Hooker, Samuell Hill, Thomas Thompson, William Thompson, Edward Thompson, and others. Henry Thompson (relationship unknown) died 10 December 1656, a week before the ship reached Jamaica."

• C 6/191/76 Messenger v Johnson. Plaintiffs: Ralph Messenger. Defendants: Richard Johnson, Thomas Johnson and Simon Messenger. 1670

• C 10/488/159 Messenger and Bedysh v Symonds: Norfolk. 1664

- COULD THIS BY JOHN BENDYSH, LONDON MERCHANT?

• C 5/523/141 Messenger v. Harvey: Middlesex. 1672

• "The Hamlett of Shadwell in the Parish of Stepney./ Upper Shadwell Northside./ Cutthroate Lane

Simon Messenger 4 hearths (1666)" (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=119171&strquery=shadwell, viewed 21/04/13)

• (Family Search) MARRIAGE: Simon Messenger SPOUSE: Maudlin Powell DATE: 15 May 1634 PLACE: Stepney, Middlesex, England ("England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NJ86-RY5 : accessed 21 Apr 2013), Simon Messenger and Maudlin Powell, 15 May 1634.)

• (Family Search) MARRIAGE: Symon Messenger SPOUSE: Dammeris Feringe DATE: 01 Jan 1644 PLACE: Saint Olave,Southwark,Surrey,England ("England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NVZZ-F5N : accessed 21 Apr 2013), Symon Messenger and Dammeris Feringe, 01 Jan 1644.)

• (Family Search) CHRISTENING: Margaret Messenger FATHER: Simon MEssenger MOTHER: Maudlin CHRISTENING DATE: 10 Jun 1635 PLACE: SAINT DUNSTAN,STEPNEY,LONDON,ENGLAND ("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JW88-3J9 : accessed 21 Apr 2013), Simon Messenger in entry for Margaret Messenger, 10 Jun 1635.)

• (Family Search) CHRISTENING: Simon Massenger (sic) FATHER: Simon Massenger MOTHER: Maudlin CHRISTENING DATE: 12 Nov 1637 PLACE: SAINT DUNSTAN,STEPNEY,LONDON,ENGLAND ("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-DJY : accessed 21 Apr 2013), Simon Massenger, 12 Nov 1637.)

• * (Family Search) BURIAL: Simon Messenger DATE: 21 Jul 1638 PLACE: St. Dunstan, Stepney, Middlesex, England FATHER: Simon Messenger ("England Deaths and Burials, 1538-1991," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JCVL-L42 : accessed 21 Apr 2013), Simon Messenger, .)

---

---

Pibus/Pybus

H.B. Guppy identified Pibus/Pybus as a county name and specifically coming from Yorkshie's North and East Ridings (XXX. pp. 318,539)

• (Family Search) CHRISTENING: John Pibus FATHER: John Pibus CHRISTENING DATE: 20 Sep 1613 PLACE: Sprotbrough, York, England ("England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J9B3-PJ4 : accessed 21 Apr 2013), John Pibus, 20 Sep 1613.)

• (Family Search) MARRIAGE: John Pibus SPOUSE: Elizabeth Newsome DATE: 1607 PLACE: Mexborough, York, England ("England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NF6G-25D : accessed 21 Apr 2013), John Pibus and Elizabeth Newsome, 1607.)

Probable John Pibus marriage, Greenwich, 1639

(Family Search) MARRIAGE: John Pibus SPOUSE: Dougles Upcoate (sic) DATE: 28 Jun 1639 PLACE: Saint Alphage,Greenwich,Kent,England ("England, Marriages, 1538–1973 ," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/V5VR-CZN : accessed 21 Apr 2013), John Pibus and Dougles Upcoate, 28 Jun 1639.)

Pybus christenings in Greenwich, 1642-1659

Elesebeth Peybuse
Father: John Peybuse
Christened: 30 Dec 1642
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NL2W-Y3R : accessed 10 May 2013), Elesebeth Peybuse, 30 Dec 1642.

Mary Pibus
Father: John Pibus
Christened: 10 Aug 1645
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NL2W-KPR : accessed 10 May 2013), Mary Pibus, 10 Aug 1645.

Rebbecca Pybus
Father: John Pybus
Christened: 09 Dec 1647
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NL24-8Q2 : accessed 10 May 2013), Rebbecca Pybus, 09 Dec 1647.

John Pybus (IS THIS JOHN PYBUS JUNIOR WHOSE WILL PROBATE WAS IN 1711?)
Father: John Pybus
Christened: 01 Jul 1653
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQLQ-Q6G : accessed 10 May 2013), John Pybus, 01 Jul 1653.

Ann Pybus
Father: John Pybus
Christened: 15 Oct 1657
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NL24-DVV : accessed 10 May 2013), Ann Pybus, 15 Oct 1657.

James Pybus
Father: John Pybus
Christened: 11 Oct 1659
Place: ST ALPHAGE,GREENWICH,KENT,ENGLAND
Ref: "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JM7B-7BR : accessed 10 May 2013), James Pybus, 11 Oct 1659.

Marine related John Pibus/Pybus records, 1656-1673

"Warrants of the Protector and Council.
(1656; April 14: Protection from impress.
For Wm. Welsh, master, and 14 harpooners and steersmen of the William and Sarah, going to Greenland, for the Muscovy company.
For Jas. Goulding, master, and 27 " " Exchange, "
For John Mandrey, master, and 19 " " Mary Bonadventure, "
For Rob. Sares, master, and 7 " " Spinner, "
For%20%27%27%27John%20Pibus%2C%20master%2C%27%27%27%20and%2017%20%22%20%22%20Damasell%2C%20%22
%28%27Warrants%20of%20the%20Protector%20and%20Council.%20%27%2C%20Calendar%20of%20State%20Papers%20Domestic%3A%20Interregnum%2C%201656-7%20%281883%29%2C%20pp.%20580-588.%20URL%3A%20http%3A//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx%3Fcompid%3D54509%20Date%20accessed%3A%2010%20May%202013%29

(Undated 1661 8. Grant to the Duke of Ormond of the forfeitures of John Pibus, condemned in the Admiralty Court for having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces." ('Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Date accessed: 10 May 2013)

"(1666:) May 9. Trinity House. 84. Masters and Wardens of Trinity House to the Navy Comrs. After conference with Capt. John Cox, Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich is appointed master of the Sovereign. [Adm. Paper.]" ('Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Date accessed: 10 May 2013)

"1672: May 9.Dover Castle. The same to the same. I sent you an express this morning of the Dutch fleet sailing. They are now in Calais Road. I shall observe your orders in making a smoke from the South Foreland lighthouse as soon as our fleet is discovered, and will also give notice to all the ships in the Downs that they may fall westward if they please, without danger, and I believe this place safer than the Downs, and fitter for them to join with our fleet; but their orders, I believe, must come from you. I have just despatched the Fanfan, Capt. Pybus, with all the packets I have for the fleet, and put on board him Lieut. Tempest of the Edgar, and the 30 seamen marched hither, having two more vessels ready to send on occasion. I have ordered Capt. Pybus, if he should meet any Dutch scouts, and cannot escape, to throw overboard all his packets. Pray let the Prince know what I write. [S.P. Dom., Car. II. 307, No. 208.]" ('Charles II: May 6-10, 1672', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1671-2 (1897), pp. 472-529. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=60256 Date accessed: 10 May 2013.)

"(December 1672): Dec. 3. Harwich. Silas Taylor to the same. I express my thankfulness for your signification to the Mayor and all military officers to forbear quartering in his Majesty's yard. There are spirits here, who, because they are not employed themselves, would make all things as uneasy as they could to those who are. Quartering on us was not only motioned but with arguments insisted on. However, the military officers are and were so civil to me that, had the town done it, I believe I should have prevailed with them to have been free. I finished long since the wharf between me and a neighbour, but, now I have gone so far, the neighbours only consult of contributing among themselves towards the filling of it, which they have hitherto neglected, so that a piece of the garden wall is fallen in, the repair of which will cost 40s. or 50s. I know of no way to get the boats but by the Fanfan. Capt. Pibus yesterday morning shewed himself very ready in it, so, as soon as he has taken in his victuals, I will write by him to the bailiffs of Aldeburgh. In the late storm the Fanfan got into Yarmouth Pier. Lieut. Consett went hence 24 or 25 November. Yesterday evening Capt. Page in the Portsmouth sent in a cable and anchor belonging to the Greyhound, and that evening came to her in a smack two more anchors and cables. 'Tis said Capt. Sadlington also came into Hollesley Bay last night. Other news given in his former letter of the same date. [Ibid. No. 13.]" ('Charles II: December 1672', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1672-3 (1901), pp. 233-343. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57203 Date accessed: 10 May 2013.)

"(1673: Jan. 28. The Fanfan, Harwich. Capt. John Pybus to the same. Enclosing the boatswain's and carpenter's notes of what is wanted, and desiring that they may be sent, as also an order to clean her, she being very foul. [Ibid. No. 163.] Enclosed, The said notes. [Ibid. Nos. 163i.–ii.]" ('Charles II: January 1673', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1672-3 (1901), pp. 380-503. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57211 Date accessed: 10 May 2013)

(1673: Feb. 14. List of ships and their present stations:—Rate: 6 Ship: Fanfan Captain: John PibusPresent stations: At Woolwich refitting." ('Charles II: February 1673', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1672-3 (1901), pp. 503-627. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57212 Date accessed: 10 May 2013. )

ADM 106/289 05 November 1673 Navy Board: Records. IN-LETTERS. Miscellaneous. Folio 263. Captain Pybus. Routine matters concerning his mate.

PROB 11/524/50 Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent 02 November 1711 (Son? Nephew? Cousin? Grandson?)

There is a decent chance that the Adventure of Hull was financed in 1656 by Edward Whitwell (and more speculatively by Richard Eccleston), leaders of the Hull whalers.

- 1655/56. March 7.. Order thereon in Council, granting 2 protections for the said
2 vessels, and a third for the Adventure, at request of Capt. Whitwell
and Co. I.76, p. 588 ; I.. 112, pp. 282-3.]"

- "The free adventurers (Edward Whitwell and
Richard Eccleston of Hull being the leaders)
chiefly Hull men, commenced an agitation. They
appeared before the Committee of the Council of
State appointed to inquire into the question, and
in addition printed a broadside addressed to
Parliament and every member thereof."
(XXX, p.143)

- * March 9. 46. Edw. Whitwell to Wm. Jessop, Whitehall. I send you 4
London. names ; Arnold Beake, Thos. Muschamp, John Warner, and Edw.
Whitwell, in whom our friends are willing to confide. Also names
of 21 persons of such consequence to the [Greenland] voyage that
it would be overthrown without them ; they should be saved from
impress. Mr. Perkins has always been of the Muscovy company.
[ipage.']"

(CSPD, 1654, p. 17, [WWW]http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0007.001.umich.edu#page/n65/mode/2up, viewed 30/01713))

• • ON BEAKE FAMILY LINK TO GREENLAND TRADE SEE:

"BEAKE, Samuel

Co Co Billingsgate, 1674-6 Corner of Botolph Lane and Love Lane, 1682, St George, Botolph, 1671, 1682 (1) Will PCC 146 Cann pr, 2 Dec 1685 f Arnold BEAKE (2) Merchant, Hamburg and Greenland trade (3) Personalty, 1682, £9,000+ (4)

(1) Will, VBk, St George Botolph (2) Will of Arnold BEAKE (3) Will, SP/29/415/14 (4) Will"
(http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s50, viewed 21/04713)

Adventure of Hull (Pibus' ship in 1656)

('Acts of the Privy Council')[722.] Whitehall, 27 September : (1667)

"Vpon reading the humble Petition of Thomas Mountfort, Plantation
and Edward Richardson Merchants, Setting forth. That on
the 28th of January last the Petitioners did agree with
Lancelot Anderson of Hull Mariner for the Shipp the Adventure
of Hull to Sayle from Kinsale to Mary Land, there to take
in Tobacco, and returne via recta to Ireland, and there dis-
charge and dehver her Lading ; That in her returne with the
Virginia ffleet to the Lands-end, shee was Chaced by a Dutch
man of Warr above Londy, and forced into King-roade neare
BristoU for safe guard, where the said Shipp and Goods are
detayned by Order of the ffarmers of his Majesties Customes,
vnder pretence, that the said Shipp had not brought Cer-
tificate from the Governour of Mary Land of her entring into
bond there for Clearing, Landing, and Dischargeing her said

p.435 http://6ia_archiver-web.archive.org/stream/cu31924026356299#page/n477/mode/2up

Ladeing of Tobacco in some of his Majesties Dominions, and
vpon other Causes in the said Petition specifyed. [A copy
of the petition is directed to be sent to the Farmers of the
Customs who are required speedily to return to the Board
their answer thereto.] [p. 606. *[| 2.]

p. 436 http://6ia_archiver-web.archive.org/stream/cu31924026356299#page/n479/mode/2up

Acts if the Privy Council of England, vol. I 1613-1680 (London, 1908)

"1689 Oct. 16.Treasury warrant to the Customs Commissioners to discharge the seizure of the ship Stockholme Merchant, on the petition of John Thompson, of Hull, mariner, on which petition the said Commissioners reported Aug. 13 last that said ship arrived in London with tar and iron, navigated with eight English and four strangers, but William John and William Benson, of London merchants, swore that said ship was English-owned, and the said Thompson, master of the said ship, swore that he sailed from Hull in Sept., 1678, as master of a pink called the Adventure of Hull, bound for the Narve with himself, eight English and one stranger, that from the Narve he sailed for Hull with the same company, but his ship was lost on the outrocks at the isle of Vannas, he lay 14 days on the rocks and saved the rigging, went to Stockholm and there bought the ship Stockholm Merchant, which being of greater burthen than the pink, he was obliged to hire four strangers, being able to get no English, and so returned to England, where said ship was seized by the Surveyor of the Navigation Act. Out Letters (Customs), p. 273."

William A. Shaw (ed.), Entry Book: October 1680, 11-20', Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 6: 1679-1680 (1913), pp. 700-714. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=83552 Date accessed: 01 February 2013

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Ray

• Giles Ray of London, citizen and woodmonger of London (C6/125/pt1/24 f.1r)

• DEFINITE MATCH: PROB 11/307/473 Will of Gyles Ray, Woodmonger of Bridwell, Middlesex. 05 March 1662

• DEFINITE MATCH: C 6/125Pt1/24 Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman . Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray . Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652

• POSSIBLE MATCH: C 5/33/37 Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, London or Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657

• POSSIBLE MATCH: C 6/175/59 Short title: Turbervill v Brice. Plaintiffs: Anthony Turbervill, John Ferrers, William Weldon, Francis Crawly, Nevill Kidwell and John Ray. Defendants: Nicholas Brice, John Austen, Giles Ray, John Dodson, William Mattingly, Noah Barnard and others. Subject: property in Cookham, Berkshire. Document type: bill, answer. 1662

• DEFINITE MATCH OF LITIGANT AGAINST GILES RAY AND GOWEN GIOLDEGAY: PROB 11/355/344 Will of Robert Chapman, Woodmonger of Saint Bride, City of London. 05 December 1677

Tradesmans' Tokens

"299. ROBERT CHAPMAN AT. A sword with a crown on the
point. R. BRIDEWELL DOCKE. In the field, R. E. C.

300. GILES RAY, WOODMONG. The Woodmongers' arms. R.
AT BRID WELL DOCKE. In the field, G. I.R.

301. THO. TEMPLEMAN. A fleur-de-lis on a fagot. R. AT
BRIDWEL DOCK. In the field, T. M. T.

302. AT THE SVN TAVERN. The SUn. R. VPON BRID-
WELL STEPS. In the field, A. E. C.

303. AT Y:E PYD. BVLL IN. A bull. R. OVLD BRID WELL,
1652. In the field, M. A. E.

304. THIS HALFPENY BELONGING TO Y E . The city arms.
R. HOSPITAL OF BRIDEWELL, LONDON. The City
arms."

"195 ROBERT CHAPMAN AT BRIDE — Woodmongers' arms,
in the field. Rev. Well Dock . his half peny
— In the field, R. E. C.

196 ROBERT CHAPMAN AT — Woodmongers' arms, in the
field. Rev. BRIDEWELL DOCKE — In field, R. E. C.

The farthing ; of less size than the preceding.

197 GILES RAY.WOODMONG — Woodmongers arms, in field.
Rev. AT BRIDWELL DOCKE — lu the field, G. I. R.

Bridewell dock was formerly a landing-place used by the Thames watermen ;
hence the many houses of entertainment. In Lodowick Barry-'s Ram Alley, or
Merrie Trickes, printed in 1611, 4to., Will Smallshankes and the rest of his fellows,
while being conducted after supper by torchlight, from the Mitre in Fleet street
to the Savoy, are set on, swords drawn, by Throat and his desperadoes, who carry
oflF the pretended heiress unperceived towards St. Giles's ; Thomas Smallshankes,
nettled at this scurvy luck, affirms she had run off towards Fleet bridge ; but
Will asserting it as a thing not possible, Thomas reiterates —

" Upon my life.
They went in by the Greyhound, and so strooke
Into Bridewell, — to take water at the dock." — Sign. E i.

The Greyhound was a well-known tavern on the south side of Fleet street.
Bridewell dock, described by Pope, in his caustic lines —

" — where Fleet ditch with disemboguing streams
Rolls its large tribute of dead dogs to Thames,"

was that portion of New Bridge street from Tudor street to Chatham place. The
now road-way for carriages and horses being then water issuing into the Thamea
from Fleet ditch. See Whishaw's Plan of London before and after the Fire."

---

Reynolds

Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure, aged 50 in January 1656(57), so corn circa 1656 or 1657

---

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Tarleton

• John Tarleton (HCA 13/72 f.416v) (cf. the John of Barkshire and the Sarah

"19. ........................the arlate William Bassett
20. the arlate Edmund halley and William Thomas part Owners of
21. the three quarter parts of the sayd shipps, and Symon Messinger
22. John Tarleton and Robert Browning arlate part Owners of the other
23. quarter part of the sayd shipps"(HCA 13/72 f.416v)

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(Mr) Tooke/Tucke

• PROB 11/216/314 Will of John Tucke, Soapmaker of Bristol, Gloucestershire. 20 April 1651

• C 10/155/8 Bromfeild v. Tuck: Middx. 1668

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Welch

William Welch

---

West

3. Richard West of Wapping in the parish of Stepney Ship Calker aged 46 yeares : June 15th 1653 ("same day") (marke)

Background on ships' caulkers

PROB 11/264/181 Will of William Martin, Caulker of Wapping, Middlesex. 07 May 1657
PROB 11/306/343 Will of Stephen Boad or Boade, Ship Caulker of Stepney, Middlesex.26 November 1661
PROB 11/318/313 Will of Edward Johnson, Caulker of Stepney, Middlesex. 27 October 1665
PROB 11/332/419 Will of Thomas Linsey, Caulker of Stebonheath, Middlesex. 18 March 1670
PROB 11/342/705 Will of Thomas Leicester or Lester, Caulker of Stepney, Middlesex. 30 September 1673
PROB 11/353/144 Will of John Crisp, Caulker of Stepney, Middlesex.07 February 1677

PROB 5/1103 BOATE, Benjamin, of Deptford, Kent, [caulker] [Registered will: PROB 11/338]. 1673

ADM 106/305 Folio 136. John Shish. A long answer to various questions raised by the Master Caulker and the details of the problems he has had with him. Sheerness. 1674 Feb 17
ADM 106/309 Folio 40. Robert Lee, Master caulker. Matters concerning the pitch house and the possible dangers from fire. Chatham 1675 Apr 16
ADM 106/490/157 Jeremiah Jones. He was foreman of the caulkers in Mr. Robert Kirby's Dockyard, Lower Shadwell, was impressed by Henry Deal for Portsmouth Yard and requests his discharge so he can return to Mr. Kirby's yard and help his father, master caulker of the dockyard, who is very sick. 17 Aug 1696

---

Whitwell

• Edward Whitwell appears to have been in partnership with Richard Eccleston, known as "Whitwell and partners", and probably of Hull. Whitwell appears to have backed the Adventure of Hull in 1656, but this needs to be confirmed from a true primary source.

- "The free adventurers (Edward Whitwell and
Richard Eccleston of Hull being the leaders)
chiefly Hull men, commenced an agitation. They
appeared before the Committee of the Council of
State appointed to inquire into the question, and
in addition printed a broadside addressed to
Parliament and every member thereof."
(XXX, p.143)

- "The free adventurers (Edward Whitwell and
Richard Eccleston of Hull being the leaders)
chiefly Hull men, commenced an agitation. They
appeared before the Committee of the Council of
State appointed to inquire into the question, and
in addition printed a broadside addressed to
Parliament and every member thereof."
(XXX, p.143)

" Worth digging to see if the names of some of their ships can be identifed (try Appleby)

• "Warner, Whitwell, and other "free adventurers"

sent up in 1652 "a small Pinke of 50 or 60 tun," and after-
ward " a shipp and a small Vessell intrudeing into the
harbours formerly kept and frequented by the Company and
them of Hull and Yarmouth, and refusinge to come in with
them in consorteshipp and to joyne offensive and defensive
to keepe the Dutch and French out of those Harbours."
Worse still they impudently brought in Dutchmen and other
strangers to manage their stock and adventure

To these internal troubles the uncertainties and alarms
of European war were now added. The Dutch having
neither men nor men-of-war to spare for protection of the
whalers, the whale-fishery was suspended for the season of
1653 ; but the English went up as usual. The Peace of
London, on her way to Spitsbergen, belied her name and
captured a small vessel of Rotterdam, which she brought
into Newcastle. Then she sailed on to the fishing and
killed three whales before the other whalers arrived — a
smart piece of work 2 . Two other ships, the Louisa and the
Hunter, on their way from Spitsbergen to Havre', were
taken by some Parliament ships and carried into Yarmouth,
and divers French mariners taken out of them were sent
with other Dutch prisoners to Chelsea College, but were
ordered to be discharged. It afterwards appearing that the
two ships themselves had had special passes from the
Council of State for the said voyage, they also were let go
after a month's detention.

While the peoples of Western Europe were falling out,
Denmark, in a quiet way, took a notable step in the north,
for the King in 1653 sent out what may be called the first
scientific Arctic expedition. He despatched three ships to
explore the polar ocean and to make observations as to the
products and characters of lands and seas. These ships
visited Novaja Zemlja and then sailed to Spitsbergen 1 .
Possibly some account of their doings may still exist in the
archives of Copenhagen. More information about early
Danish Arctic expeditions is much wanted. Some patriotic
Dane may find this subject worth investigation. "

Economics and yields

"We learn moreover that in
Bell Sound the whales only frequented the broad part and
did not (in any quantity) " goe up the branch bays ; soe that
30 or 40 shallopps well man'd is sufficient to fish that
harbour, if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many
whales as if there were doble the nomber of boats." The
Greenland Company state that during five years they made
with three ships 500 tons of oil each year in Bell Sound
alone ; but that when the interlopers came there, double
the number of ships made only half that amount of oil, so
that the price of oil has risen from £\% to ,£30 per ton, and
the price of whalebone from £\ to £% per cwt.

The best harbours, we learn, did not yield a profit
every year. The profit came from an extraordinarily good
year, which could only be expected once out of three to five
years. Then, many shoals of whales coming in, the whalers
might make as much as 400 tons of oil and whalebone
more than they could carry home. The overplus was left
in the storehouses and brought home afterwards as there
was room for it in the ships. The free-traders claim that
they possessed in Spitsbergen a warehouse even larger than
the Greenland Company's, which we know to have been
80 ft. long by 50 ft. wide. They also had many hundreds
of tons of casks stored there. Unfortunately we are with-
out any information as to the position of this great ware-
house."

"The English fleet in 1656 consisted of very few ships,
perhaps six in all. One was Whitwell's Adventure. It is
known that Ice Sound was Whitwell's station. Probably
Adventure Bay was named from this ship. Of late years
the name has been misunderstood and changed into Advent
Bay. It was proposed to the Admiralty that four or five
good frigates should ply off Cape Clear at a suitable season
to prey upon the Biscay fleet of Spitsbergen whalers "who
are generally many and make good voyages," but as no
captures are recorded the advice was probably not taken.

In 1657 at least five English ships went up. But the
adventurers seem to have had little hopes of much success.
Dutch oil came freely into England, the Customs officers
being bribed to let it pass ; and the London traders could
not sell their own stuff. In 1658 the London Company
were still urgent that the Government should help them to
keep outsiders from coming into Bell Sound. They sent in
an important but unfortunately inaccurate list of 2 1 Spits-
bergen harbours, to show that there was room enough else-
where for other interests.

The Dutch fishery was suspended in 1659. Of the
English we hear nothing. Henceforward it is the rarest
thing to find mention of English whalers in our State-
papers. Yet it is probable that the fishery dragged on, for
in Macpherson's Annals of Commerce (11. p. 544) it is re-
corded that in 1668 no English whalers went out, and in
1669 only one ship. When the Royal Society of London
was founded, one of the first subjects to which it devoted
its rather rudimentary enquiries was Spitsbergen and the
whaling there. In 1662 it published a series of " Enquiries
for such as goe to Greenland, by Mr Hoskins 1 ." It is clear
therefore that some English ships still frequented the
Greenland {i.e. Spitsbergen) fishery. Such answers as
were received came, I believe, from Hull whalers. Those
preserved were supplied by Captain Lancelott Anderson
and Mr Grey 2 . Grey's notes are here reprinted with some
of the slight but spirited illustrations that accompany them.
They prove that to the last the fishery in Bell Sound was
pursued in the old-fashioned way, long ago given up by the
Dutch and French. The account is entitled " The manner
of the Whale-fishing in Greenland Given by Mr Gray to
Mr Oldenburg for the Society.

"We have according to the bignesse or smalnesse of
our ships, the more or fewer Boates ; a ship of 200 tuns,
may man six boats ; A vessel of 80 or 100 tuns, 4 boats ;
A Vessel of 60 tuns, 3 boats or more, not lesse ; 3 boats
being as few as may be with convenience to kill a whale.
Each boat hath 6 men ; A Harpeneir, Steersman, and four
' Oars ; to which men the merchant giveth, (besides their
wages) for every 13 tuns of Oyle (which we call a Whale)
when there is so much for each boate, to the Harpenier
6/z. \os., the Steersman 3/2'., and to each Oar 305., in all for
each boat 15/2'. \os., which we call whale-money.
"We have several men and boats upon several convenient
places, which we call Look-outs\ that constantly remain
looking out by turnes for the Whale, which when we fish in
Harbour, cometh into a smooth Bay, where is a good
Harbour for our ships : And having discovered the Whale,
which swimmeth with her back above the water, or is
descried by the water which she bloweth into the Air, one
Lookout maketh signes to another, by hoysing up a basket
upon a Pole, and then all the boats row after her, and
having opportunity to row up with her, before she goeth
down, strike a Harping-iron into her, to which is a staffe
joyned being about 6 foot long, called a harping-staffe, to
the Socket of which Iron is a white rope, with an eye
seazed very fast : This Rope is about 5 fathoms long, which
Lying upon the forepart of the Boat (which we call a
Shallop) always coyled over a little pin, ready to take up,
to give scope to the Iron, when it is thrown at the Whale ;
and to this hand-rope is a warpe of 300 fathoms seazed, to
veer after the whale, lest, when she is struck, by her swift
motion (which is often down to the ground, where the water
is 60, 70, or 80 fathom deep) she should sink the boat.

"Thus having gotten our Iron into her, our boats row
where they think she will rise (after she hath been beating
her selfe at ground) and get 2 or 3 more irons into her, and
then we account her secure. Then when she is neer tired
with striving and wearied with the boats and ropes, we
lance her with long Lances, the Irons and stands wereof are
about 12 or 14 foot long, with which we prick her to death ;
and in killing her, many times she staveth some of our
boats, beating and flourishing with her tayle above water,
that the boats dare scarce come nigh her, but oftentimes in
an hours time she is dispatched.
" Thus having killed her, our boats tow her (all of them
rowing one before another, one fast to another like a team
of Horses) to the ship's stern, where, after she hath layn
24 hours we cut off the Blubber, and take the finns (which
we commonly call the whalebone) and her tongue out of
her mouth, and with a great pair of slings and tackle, we
turn her round, and take all that is good off her, and then
we turn her carcass adrift and tow the blubber (cut in pieces)
to the shore where works stand to mannure (sic) it.

"Having made fast the blubber to the shore, we have
a Waterside-man who stands in a pair of boots, to the
middle leg in water, and flaweth such flesh as is not clean
cut from the blubber : Then we have two men with a
Barrow 1 , that when the Watersideman hath cut it in pieces
about two hundred weight, carry it up to a stage standing
by our Works, like a Table ; then we have a man with
a long knife, who we call a Stage-cutter, who sliceth it into
thin pieces about halfe an inch thick, and a foot long or
longer, and throws it into a Cooler, we call a slicing-cooler,
betwixt which and another Cooler (called a Chopping-cooler)
we have men we call choppers placed ; five or six men, who
upon blocks cut about a foot and halfe square (made of the
tayle of the Whale, which is very tough) do take the sliced
blubber and chop it very small and thin, not above a quarter
of an inch thick, and an inch or two long ; and thrust it off
from the blocks into the Chopping-Cooler, which holds two
or three tuns : Then upon a Plat-forme is built a Copper-
hole, about 4 foot high, to which there is a stokehole, and
on this Copperhole is a broad Copper, which containeth
about a Butt, hanged with Mortar and made tight round
the edges. And over the Stokehole, upon an Arch, stands
a Chimney, which draws up the smoke and flame. And we
have one we call a Tubfiller, who with a Ladle of Copper,
whose handle is about 6 foot long, taketh the Chopt blubber
out of the chopping-cooler and puts it into a hogshead made
with' strapps for that purpose, and he drawes this hogshead
from the chopping-cooler's-side to the Copper and putteth it
in ; under which having once kindled a fire of wood and
boyled a Copper or two of Oyle, the scruffe which remains
after the Oyle is boyled out of the blubber (which we call
Fritters) we throw under the Copper, which makes a feirce
fire, and so boyleth the Oyle out of the blubber without any
other fewell.

"Then when we find that it is boyled enough, we have
two men which we call coppermen who with two long-
handled copper ladles take both oyle and fritters out of the
Copper, about halfe, and put it into a Barrow (we call a
Fritter-barrow) made with two handles and barrell-boards
set about halfe a-quarter of an inch one from the other,
through which the oyle runneth and the Fritters remain ;
from which the Oyle being drained whilst another Coper of
Oyle boyles, they are cast into the Stokehole and burnt,
and the barrow stands ready again on the first Oyle-Cooler,
to receive what is taken out of the next Copper. Out of
this barroW the Oyle runs into a great thing we call a Cooler
made of Deal-boards, containing about five tuns, which is
filled within an inch of a hole (made in the side for the Oyle
to run into the next spout) with water to cool the Oyle, and
so the Oyle runs upon the water, through this hole into
a spout about 10 or 12 foot long, into another cooler filled
as aforesaid and out of that, through a long spout into a
third filled as aforesaid and out of that, in a long spout into
a Butt laid under the end of this spout, which being full, the
hole of the Cooler, next the Butt is stopt till another Butt
is laid under, and then the plugg being taken out, it filleth
another, till we have done boyling : Then we fill up our
Oyles, when they are thoroughly cold, and marke them and
roule them into the water, rafting 20 together, and so tow
them aboard, hoyst them into our ships, and stow them to
bring them home.

"And for our Finns, which grow in two Gumms in the
whales mouth (whereof in a whales mouth, great and small
are about 600, 460 whereof being merchandable) we cut
them one by one out of the gumms and having rubb'd them
clean we bind them up 60 in a bundle, and so taking account
of them ship them aboard in our Long-boat.

" Upon the shoar we have a Tent for our Land-men,
built of stone, and covered with Deals, and Cabbins made
therein for our Blubber-men to lodge ; And we have a
great Working-tent with a Lodging-room over it, where,
about 6 Coopers work, to get ready Cask to put the Oyle
into."

"The only English reference I have been able to find to
the year 1663 is a warrant, issued to Robert Child and
William Bowles, to make needful provision for such deer
as might be brought alive by them from Spitsbergen 1 .
Whether any arrived is not recorded, but the warrant
implies that an English ship was intended for the fishery.
This year is however noteworthy in the Dutch Spitsbergen
annals, not for any new discovery, but for the first record of
a group of discoveries. Up to 1662 no chart (so far as
1 have been able to discover) depicted the east coasts of
Barentsz and Edge Islands, or marked Hinloopen Strait
and the islands farther east, excepting, of course, the Mus-
covy Company's map, published in 1625 by Purchas, which
tentatively marked the south point of North-east-land. It
is recorded that the Ryk Yse Islands were discovered about
1640-45, but until this year, 1663, they were not inscribed
on any chart. This year, however, Hendrick Doncker, of
Amsterdam, issued a new chart of Spitsbergen in many
respects far better than any that had gone before. In it
he not only clearly showed Liefde and Wijde Bays, giving
to the latter its full extension and marking a great glacier
at the head of it, but he plainly marked the "Straet van
Hindeloopen" and beyond it a piece of North-east-land
including " Brandewijns baij." Further on he also marked
the Seven Islands. He was vaguely informed about North-
east-land and only ventured to indicate it as a number of
small islands, nor was this inaccuracy corrected till after
Giles' voyage of 1707. The west shore of Hinloopen
Strait he marked decidedly, introducing the later-named
Treurenberg Bay under its earlier designation Beere Bay,
and likewise marking the east mouth of Heley's Sound by
the name " 't Schip d' Eenhoorn baij," perhaps after the
ship which discovered it. He names the hill immediately
south of it Lommeberg. The modern Lomme Bay, whose
entrance might be easily missed in a fog, is not marked at
all, and the result was some confusion in nomenclature at
a later date.
Still more noteworthy is the representation of Edge
Island, now clearly shown with the " Ryck Ysse Eylanden"
off its east cape. Two anchorages are marked on its east
coast. They, like the anchorage off Whales Head and
another off one of the Thousand Islands, undoubtedly repre-
sent whaling centres. There are ruins of Dutch cookeries
still existing not far from Whales Head, and Lamont noticed
others on Ziegler Island, which must therefore be the place
indicated by the last-mentioned anchor. Anchorages are
also marked off Hope Island. Here then we have almost
the only exact record of the Dutch fishery in the south-east.
We know it to have been extensively carried on. We may
perhaps conclude that it was in full swing about or shortly
before 1663, the year in which this important chart was
issued.

In 1665 and the two following seasons the whaling
voyage was prohibited by the Dutch Government, on
account of the war 1 ; but the French continued to venture
forth and several of their ships were captured by English
and Scotch privateers 2 . In 1668 the Dutch whaling fleet
went up again and had bad luck, for 17 ships were wrecked.
That was the most icy season on record. The ice-pack
came down so far south that no ship could pass north of
the Foreland. The wrecked ships must have been destroyed
in consequence of these unusual conditions. As a result of
the small import of train-oil into Holland, the price of rape-
seed rose fast and it was briskly exported from Hull 3 . The
price of rape-seed at this period was a measure of the
prosperity of the whaling industry. In a good whaling year
rape-seed was almost unsaleable. In a bad year it was in
great demand."

---

Woodmer

1. John Woodmer of Wapping in the parish of Stepney Shipwright aged 58 yeares: date: June 15th 1653 (marke) [Inspection of this document shows Girling’s ship the Dove was in the dock of Thomas Taylor, Wapping, Nov-Jan 1651/52 scituate in Wapping]

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List of 70 whalers exempt from the press, March 1654

Listed in original order as in document

Whalers exempt from impress, 1654

Stephen Richards
Thomas Dobson
William Goddwin
Edward Pearson
Peter Fisher
John Han?eson
Lancelot Russell
Abraham North
Robert ?Jones
John Gage
Alexander De?r?ry
Richard Blake
William Humphrey
Thomas Damerell
Edward Goslyn
Richard Parker
Thomas Hea?th
William Welch
William Baker
James Goulding
Miles Fri?th
John Sedge
Nicholas Perkins
Thomas Wates
William Harries
John Watson

Jonas Symonds
Nathaniel BirXe
Edward Comfort
William Parkins
William N?e?e?f?fe
Leonard Hewer
John Maundry
Robert Sayers
Abraham Duke
Joseph Lamb
William Sweeting
John Barefoote
John OrpeXh
William Lawrence
John Lawrence
John Cressy
Roger CXXXXX
Martyn Crocket
John King
Allan DXbXs
Edward Hunt
Richard Mandry
Gowen Ramsey
John Humphrey
John Harris
Stephen HareX junior

John Hamond
Himphry Perry
Christopher Pibus
John Fox
Richard Littlefeild
Thomas Davies
Christopher Wise
Richard Langborne
William Jackson
John Andrewes
John BelX
John Symonds
George Carter
Richard Kennick
Thomas Semper
Walter Hickings
Philip Lane
Edward Lee
Richard Mann
Thomas Etherington
William Danby
John Creasy
Robert Williamson
Edmond Farro
William Morris

Relisted by CSG in alphabetical order

John Andrewes
William Baker
John Barefoote
John BelX
Nathaniel BirXe
Richard Blake
George Carter
Edward Comfort
John Creasy
John Cressy
Martyn Crocket
Roger CXXXXX
Thomas Damerell
William Danby
Thomas Davies
Alexander De?r?ry
Thomas Dobson
Allan DXbXs
Abraham Duke
Thomas Etherington
Edmond Farro
Peter Fisher
John Fox
Miles Fri?th
John Gage
William Goddwin
Edward Goslyn
James Goulding
John Hamond
John Han?eson
Stephen HareX junior
William Harries
John Harris
Thomas Hea?th
Leonard Hewer
Walter Hickings
John Humphrey
William Humphrey
Edward Hunt
William Jackson
Robert ?Jones
Richard Kennick
John King
Joseph Lamb
Philip Lane
Richard Langborne
John Lawrence
William Lawrence
Edward Lee
Richard Littlefeild
Richard Mandry
Richard Mann
John Maundry
William Morris
William N?e?e?f?fe
Abraham North
John OrpeXh
Richard Parker
William Parkins
Edward Pearson
Nicholas Perkins
Humphry Perry
Christopher Pibus
Gowen Ramsey
Stephen Richards
Lancelot Russell
Robert Sayers
John Sedge
Thomas Semper
William Sweeting
Jonas Symonds
John Symonds
Thomas Wates
John Watson
William Welch
Robert Williamson
Christopher Wise

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The (English) Greenland Company

---

Members named in HCA 3/47 f.226r

• Francis Ash
• George Dickons
• John Dickons
• Stephen Ballow(e)

SEE:

PROB 11/332/689 Will of George Dickons, Merchant of All Hallows Barking, City of London 19 May 1670
PROB 11/309/300 Will of John Dickons, Haberdasher of London 31 October 1662
PROB 11/310/576 Sentence of John Dickons, Merchant of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 18 July 1663

---

Greenland stock, 1650s

SP 46/96/fo19-20 The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland [1651/2 Jan.]

---

C17th and later maps

Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611

Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131

French view of Groenland

Groneland, Isaac de la Peyrere (Paris), 1647

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Climatic and ice conditions in the arctic in C17th

---

Sources

'NORCLIM (IPY 120) : Northern High latitude Climate variability during the past 2000 years: implications for human settlement', poster showing a research poster, undated
- Appears tp be run by the Dutch Department of palaeoclimatology and geomorphology, Vrije Univeriteit, Amsterdam
- SEE: http://www.geus.dk/departments/quaternary-marine-geol/posters/norclim_poster.pdf, viewed 12/01/13

---

Image sources

Individual images of interest (and sources)

'Early 17th Century Whaling Methods at Spitsbergen', Courtesy of C.W. Sanger. From Antonio Sanez Reguart, Diccionario historico de los artes de la pesca nacional, Volume V (Madrid, Spain: Impr. de la viuda de Don J. Ibarra, 1795, copyright 1996-2000 Memorial University of Newfoundland
- http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/wh_i3.html, viewed 27/01/13

'A Geographical-Historical Outline of Svalbard', web page
- contains a range of modern maps and excellent landscape photographs
- Contains unattributed wood cut in blacka nd white titled: "Dutch wintering at Smeerenburg, NW Svalbard, 17th century" ()
- Lists five books of interest:
Further reading

Arlov, Thor B.: A short history of Svalbard. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, 1994.
- Ch. 1: 'The discovery ofSvalvard' (PDF, for private study only) (http://www.unis.no/studies/General_Courses/sh_201_more_info/Ex1_background.pdf, viewed 27/01/13)
Arlov, Thor B.: Svalbards historie. Aschenhoug, Oslo, 1996.|
Helle, Audun: Geology of Svalbard. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, 1993.
Mehlum, Fridtjof: Birds and mammals of Svalbard. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, 1990.
- http://www.unis.no/35_staff/staff_webpages/geology/ole_humlum/SvalbardOutline.htm, viewed 27/01/13

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A voyage to Greenland 1613 - A Journal 1613, manuscript/folio, held by American Antiquarian Society
- contains twelve watercolours attributed to Robert Fotherby purportedly made on his 1613 voyage to Spitzbergen
- SEE: http://www.common-place.org/vol-08/no-02/shoemaker/, viewed 12/01/13

Walvisvangst bij de kust van Spitsbergen - Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen (Abraham Storck, 1690)
- Available in Wikimedia Commons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck,_1690%29.jpg, viewed 12/01/13
- Shows two three masted Dutch whaling ships close to shore, three huts on a snowy landscape, and a whale on the surface of the water, which has been harpooned. with, one six man shallop in the foreground, and another in the distance. Near sunset. It is not clear where on the coast of Spitzbergen the scene is set
- Abrahm Storck (b.1644, d.1708)

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, A Dutch Whaling Fleet by Jacob Feytsz de Vries (c.1640-1660), NMM-ID: BHC0798, curatorial description; Bruijn, J. R. and C. A. Davids. "Jonas vrij: de Nederlandse walvisvaart, in het bijzonder de Amsterdamse, in de jaren 1640-1664," ESHJ. Vol. 38 (1975), pp. 141-178.

Europeana Search Engine
- http://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=whales
- Can specifiy media type (images, text, sound, video; can specify date, country, copyright, provider

Walvisjagers, Carel van der Hem, 1707
- Public domain
- Shows multiple (presumably) dutch whaling ships at sea with whale boats
- Available at: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-1878-A-2062, viewed 13/01/13

National Maritime Museum online image search
- http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html#!csearch;searchTerm=whaling
- 518 matches

SuperStock Photographs
-SuperStock is a stock image provider with over a thousand photographers, artists, archives, museums and special collections from around the world.
- http://www.superstock.com/search/Harpooner. viewed 27/01/13

• Eskimo hunting sea birds, after John White, from Latin edition of the French translation of A True Report of the Last Voyage into the West and Northwest Regions, description of Frobisher 2nd voyage seeking northwest passage to Asia, 1580, by Dionyse Settle

Credit: Art Archive, The / SuperStock
4069-2728-N-X999 Image availability not guaranteed
until image has been licensed.

• Hunting Walrus with Harpoons in the Spitsbergen Islands Svalbard archipelago 19th century engraving

Credit: Universal Images Group / SuperStock
1899-18415-N-X999 Image availability not guaranteed
until image has been licensed.

• Willem Barents, 1550-97, Dutch navigator, narrative of last voyage, by Gerrit de Veer, 1598. Shows Barents' men defending themselves with harpoons against polar bears, while the ships are trapped in ice

Credit: Art Archive, The / SuperStock
4069-283-N-X999 Image availability not guaranteed
until image has been licensed.

Welcome Library Images
- http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/image/V0022960.html
- Greenland: fishermen spearing whales from the safety of their boats; right, whale fisher in their attire. Coloured etching. Undated. No source listed.
- Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK:(personal and academic use only, pay for publish)

Trinity College Dublin digital images

The Natural Europe Project
- Arctic Centre

Vera apparitio regionis sive insulæ quæ septentrionale sive frigidum promontorium dicitur, ad ocularem intuitum delineatæ, per Ioannem Hugonis Linschotanum. Ioan. à Doet. Bapt. à D: fecerunt. Waerachtighe opdoeninghe ende vertooninghe, vant lant ofte
- http://ac.collections.natural-europe.eu/content/81e205ba-6d67-40d9-9488-3eae89f4f421

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Whaling and Maritime museums

Gipuzkoa: Historia Museo Birtuala
- http://www.gipuzkoamuseobirtuala.net/w3c/hitos.php?id_hitos=112&id_lingua=3, viewed 13/01/13
- SEE:

Image of basic whaling ship, with furnace for melting whale fat. Charles Milsan, 1782 (, viewed 13/01/13)

Netherlands Maritime Museum: Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam
- SEE: Netherlands Maritime Museum: Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam
- Setting up the International Centre for Dutch Whaling History (1612-1964) ((Internationaal Centrum voor de Nederlandse Walvisvaart, ICNW) (SEE: http://www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/themuseum/news%7C37, viewed 12/01/13)
- "Het Scheepvaartmuseum houses one of Europe’s most important collections relating to whaling. However, that collection has not yet been examined in a systematic manner"
- Dr. Joost Schokkenbroek, founder of the ICNW and chief curator of academic programmes at Het Scheepvaartmuseum: "We already have a fairly good idea of how whaling itself took place. We know a great deal about the catch areas, the techniques and equipment used and the people who went whaling, but we know a great deal less about what happened once the catch was landed. Unloading the catch, processing and using the products, distribution and the like are aspects that we don’t know much about. If we were to have a picture of baleen being cleaned, for example, we could derive a certain amount of information on how baleen was processed, by whom and where. That would be an initial impulse. It would give direction for literature research and archive-based research.”
- "The ICNW is set to work alongside research fellows, university researchers and students on work-placements. Scholarships will be funded through private fundraising. The ICNW will start work in January 2012 and will actively seek cooperative arrangements with museums, universities and non-profit organisations both in the Netherlands and abroad."

New Bedford Whaling Museum
- http://www.whalingmuseum.org
- TOPIC: Whales & Hunting: http://www.whalingmuseum.org/learn/research-topics/overview-of-north-american-whaling/whales-hunting

Sandefjor, Norway
- The Whaling Museum in Sandefjord is the only museum in Europe specialising in whales and the history of whaling.

Sheltland Museum online photo gallery
- http://photos.shetland-museum.org.uk
- Good selection of C19th and early C20th whaling photographs

Virtual Museum of New France - Whaling
- http://www.civilization.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/economic-activities/basque-whalers/, viewed 27/01/13
TOPICS:

Sixteenth century basque whaling techniques

- The Annual Round

- The Hunt and the Chalupa

- Flensing the Whale

"The boat crew towed the dead whale back to the shore station for processing, under sail if possible, hence the importance of capturing a whale that floated. Whales may have been flensed afloat or ashore, or perhaps alongside a ship, close to the shore. It would seem most efficient to use the tides and a winch or capstan to bring the whole carcass onto a slipway and flense it there. This was the system used later at Spitzbergen, where the remains of winches have survived. The Grand Bay whalers sometimes flensed whales at sea, but faunal debris recovered just offshore at Red Bay suggests that they often brought the whale inshore for cutting-in, as described by Champlain.

A Basque wharf was discovered at Red Bay. Framed with mortised logs, it was used at some stage of the flensing operation, either for landing and stripping the whole carcass or for slicing up large chunks of blubber. One of the main frame timbers has a mortise for a missing vertical timber, which might have been part of a crane. Excavations also uncovered a paved stone walkway connecting the wharf and the tryworks area, where the chunks of blubber were actually rendered into oil."

- Rendering Blubber: The Tryworks

"No accurate descriptions of Terra Nova tryworks have survived, but William Burroughs (1576) suggested that four “furnaces” (cauldrons) were needed, “to melt the whale in” for a crew of 55 men with five boats on a 200-ton ship. He added that the men would need “6 ladles of copper”. The trying process consisted of heating minced blubber in open copper cauldrons over a slow fire. The workers used the copper ladles to skim fritters (fenks) from the oil and recycle them as fuel for the tryworks. Each hornos (oven) consisted of roughly rectangular stone walls, about 50 cm thick, surrounding a circular firebox about 1.2 to 1.5 m in diameter. The ovens were often arranged in rows of four or more, like row houses sharing walls between adjacent units. Such ovens have been recorded at several sites, in particular Île aux Basques and the Mingan Islands, Quebec; and Chateau Bay and Cape St. Charles, Labrador. In each oven sat an open copper cauldron. These were likely shallow and not quite hemispheric, also about 1.2 to 1.5 m across with a concave rim. Cauldrons sometimes burst, judging by the remains at Red Bay. Damage to the stone oven walls, from such accidents or from regular use, led to deterioration, and crews often had to rebuild their ovens. A wooden working platform surrounded the stone ovens, and a timber structure roofed with distinctive red clay tiles possibly imported from the Basque Country protected the whole tryworks."

• Storage of Whale Oil: The Barrica

"After hunting, flensing and trying, the storage and shipment of whale oil was the fourth, and final, step in the sixteenth-century Grand Bay production process. The Basques used a standard shipping container called a barrica, a wooden staved barrel with a capacity of about 200 to 230 litres, about the same as a modern oil drum. The whalers usually shipped barricas to Terra Nova in pieces. Provisioning lists call for about 150 barrels for each boat crew. Since the barrels had to be assembled, and repaired when handled roughly, each shore station needed several coopers. Coopers were recognized as important specialists on whaling voyages and got bonuses for their work. Excavations at Red Bay suggest that these skilled artisans actually lived in the cooperage and enjoyed certain amenities, such as decorated ceramics, not expected by most of the crew. The barrel staves were marked to facilitate reassembly, and the barrels themselves were sometimes identified by the owner’s monogram. The oak used for the staves was imported to the Basque Country from Brittany, which gives an indication of the integration already achieved in the early modern transport zone centred on the Bay of Biscay."

• Transatlantic Commerce: The Ships

"Whether or not the sixteenth-century wreck excavated in Red Bay is the San Juan, lost in 1565, or a similar ship lost around the same time under similar circumstances, the find represents an excellent example of a transatlantic workhorse of the period. Ships were not specialized by trade; a ship might be sent to the salt-cod fishery one year and on a whaling expedition the next. So the vessel found at Red Bay tells us about transatlantic technology at the time and not just about the whaling industry.

The labels put on the types of ships are notoriously flexible, evolving over time, as did the ships themselves. The San Juan was a nao of 250 tons or so. The Spanish word nao meant ship. The nao evolved from northern European designs, as opposed to the galéon, which was closer to the early-sixteenth-century caravel, a Portuguese design. The sixteenth-century Basque galéon was actually smaller than a nao, which, at 200 or 300 tons, was just the right size to send to the dry salt-cod fishery or for a cargo of whale oil. Ships were built in England, northern France and the Basque Country using somewhat different layout and measurement systems. At the same time, technical and stylistic details evolved. The San Juan is of a transitional design, harking back to earlier traditions (for example, with its complex one-piece keel) and prefiguring later developments (for example, in standardization of design). In the sixteenth century, the nao typically had a beam / keel / overall length ratio of 1:2:3. It was replaced in the seventeenth century by similar ships with sleeker lines, the ratio being more like 2:5:7.

Taking a broader view of the early modern period, the three-masted ship, the typical vessel of transatlantic commerce from its inception around 1500, can be considered one of the great technical inventions of European history. As the analysis of the San Juan has shown, the design of three-masted ships evolved from the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, when this type of ship was replaced by schooners and similar vessels equipped with fore and aft rigging, rather than square sails. A few wrecks of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century three-masted ships have survived in Atlantic Canada and along the shores of the St. Lawrence, but, unlike the San Juan, none has preserved the details of construction and use. The Red Bay wreck is, of course, a ship of its own particular time and place, but it can also help us imagine maritime life in the Atlantic world over the course of several centuries."

• The socio-economic Stucture of Basque Whaling Crews

"Each Basque whaling crew consisted of oficiales (officers and tradesmen), ordinary seamen, and boys apprenticed either as seamen or oficiales. The captain made verbal agreements with his crew, hiring about 25 men per 100 tons of vessel, so perhaps 60 men for a 250-ton ship. The captain normally invested in the whaling tools himself, but coopers and carpenters had to supply their own tools. Even a small crew included a boatswain, a boatswain’s mate, a steward (purser), a cooper, a caulker, a gunner, harpooners, flensers and boys. Chaplains and pilots might serve several ships on a single expedition. Larger ships might carry their own, as well as a surgeon, and even a diver to make hull repairs. At sea, the division of labour differed slightly from that on land, since coopers and harpooners served only as sailors at sea.

Whaling expeditions could produce very large returns; the cost of the ship might be recovered in a single voyage. As a result, arrangements for sharing the profits had to be explicit. On Spanish Basque whaling voyages, one-third of the profits from the cargo usually went to the crew, one-quarter to the ship’s owners and the remainder to the outfitter, with various bonuses paid in oil or baleen to particular oficiales. Individual crewmen’s shares varied widely. Harpooners had very large shares, inferior only to those of the captain or pilot. A chief harpooner or pilot might get four times as much as an experienced ordinary seaman; a gunner, surgeon, cooper or flenser, twice as much; while ship’s boys had to be content with a quarter of a seaman’s share. Crews were paid exclusively on the basis of the success of the voyage, which may be why the issue of courir le marigot was not a problem in the Terra Nova whale hunt. Another factor keeping whalers at work when they needed to be may have been that the pace of the hunt offered more time off than the cod fishery. The object of the hunt was larger, creating a lot of work when a whale was captured, but also implying periods of waiting watchfully. Cod, on the other hand, were normally taken hand-over-fist, and crews were expected to work long days throughout a short season.

A well-organized apprenticeship system made inegalitarian share distribution acceptable to ordinary mariners and apprentices, as well as ensuring that the various complex traditional whaling skills were passed on from generation to generation. Apprentices and ship’s boys were often sons or nephews of sailors and tradesmen. They might be as young as eleven or twelve years old. Attrition among boat crews, who took great risks, would have made advancement within this specialty relatively rapid, but all Basque whalers could advance through the ranks, with experience."

• Suggested Reading (Extracts made by CSG

-- Barkham, Selma Huxley. “Identification of Labrador Ports in Spanish 16th Century Documents”. Canadian Geographer, vol. 14, no. 1 (1977): 1–9
-- Barkham, Selma Huxley. “The Documentary Evidence for Basque Whaling Ships in the Strait of Belle Isle”. In Story 1982: 53–96.
-- Barthelmess, Klaus. “Basque Whaling in Pictures, 16th–18th Century”. Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco, no. 6 (2009): 643–667.
-- Burroughs, William. “A Note of Certaine Other Instruments Belonging to the Whalefishing, Received of Master W. Burrough”. In Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations of the English Nation, vol. 2: 163. London: Dent, [1576] 1907.
-- Denys, Nicolas. The Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America (Acadia). Translated and edited by William F. Ganong. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1908. Originally published in 1672 as Histoire naturelle des peuples, des animaux, des arbres et plantes de l’Amérique septentrionale, et de ses divers climats.
-- Edge, Thomas. “A Brief Discoverie of the Northern Discoveries of Seas …” In Samuel Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes, vol. 13: 5–31. London 1625, rep. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1906
-- Grenier, Robert. “Excavating a 400-Year-Old Basque Galleon”. National Geographic, vol. 168, no. 1 (1985): 58–67.
-- Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier and Willis Stevens, eds. The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay: Basque Shipbuilding and Whaling in the 16th Century. 5 vols. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 2007.
-- Loewen, Brad. “Casks from the 24M Wreck”. In Grenier et al. 2007, vol. 2: 5–46.
-- Proulx, Jean-Pierre. “Basque Whaling Methods, Technology and Organization in the 16th Century”. In Grenier et al. 2007, vol. 1: 42–96.
-- Tuck, James A. “A 16th-Century Whaling Station at Red Bay, Labrador”. In Story 1982: 41–52.
-- Tuck, James. A. and Robert Grenier. “A 16th Century Basque Whaling Station in Southern Labrador”. Scientific American, vol. 245, no. 5 (1981): 180–190.
-- Tuck, James. A. and Robert Grenier. Red Bay, Labrador: World Whaling Capital A.D. 1550–1600. St. John’s: Atlantic Archaeology. 1989.
--Harris, Ryan and Brad Loewen. “A Basque Whaleboat: Chalupa No. 1”. In Grenier et al. 2007, vol. 4: 309–380.

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Sources

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Primary sources

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BL

Cotton MS Appendix LIX: Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)

Lansdowne MS 142/68: Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.

Lansdowne MS 142/69: Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified

Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v (and others)

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IGI

Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670

Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;

Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651

James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith

Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657

Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan

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London Metropolitan Archives

Saint Mary Magdalene, Bermondsey: Bermondsey Street, Southwark

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Ch.%25202%253A%2520The%2520economics%2520of%2520whaling%2520%2528pp.39-58%2529

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