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| |Folio=170 | | |Folio=170 |
| |Side=Recto | | |Side=Recto |
− | |Status=First cut transcription started and completed on 16/03/13 by Colin Greenstreet; edited on 21/05/13 and on 05/10/13 by Colin Greenstreet | + | |Status=Uploaded image; transcribed on 16/03/2013 |
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| |First transcriber=Colin Greenstreet | | |First transcriber=Colin Greenstreet |
− | | + | |First transcribed=2013/03/16 |
− | |First transcribed=13/03/16 | + | |Editorial history=Edited on 21/05/2013 and on 05/10/2013 by Colin Greenstreet |
− | | + | |Note=IMAGE: IMG_121_11_4667.JPG |
− | |Editorial history=Created 20/05/13, by CSG | + | }} |
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− | }}{{PageHelp}} | + | |
| {{PageTranscription | | {{PageTranscription |
− | |Transcription image=P1150247 | + | |Transcription image={{#transcription-image: IMG_121_11_4667.JPG}} |
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| |Transcription=The 30th of October 1657 | | |Transcription=The 30th of October 1657 |
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| manfully and stoutly and desisted not untill the fight was ended | | manfully and stoutly and desisted not untill the fight was ended |
| and the dutch vanquished, but plied about the guns where his quarter | | and the dutch vanquished, but plied about the guns where his quarter |
− | was: All which hee knoweth because hee this deponent was in the | + | was: All which hee knoweth because hee this deponent was in the |
| said shipp and service and saw him soe behave himselfe. And | | said shipp and service and saw him soe behave himselfe. And |
| otherwise hee cannot depose. | | otherwise hee cannot depose. |
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| To | | To |
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− | |People=<u>Captain Mings</u>
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− | WIKIPEDIA ENTRY: CHRISTOPHER MYNGS"<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Myngs 'Christioher Myngs', Wikipedia], viewed 21/05/13</ref>
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− | <u>Christopher Myngs, by Sir Peter Lely, 1666</u><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christopher_Myngs.jpg Christopher Mings. Artist: Sir Peter Lely, 1666. Sourcerd from Wikicommons], viewed 21/05/13</ref>
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− | [[File:Christopher_Myngs_Lely_P_1666_Wikicommons_DL_210513.jpg|thumbnail|450px|none|Christopher Myngs, Peter Lely, 1666]]
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− | "Sir Christopher Myngs (1625–1666), English admiral and pirate, came of a Norfolk family and was a relative of another admiral, Sir Cloudesley Shovell. Pepys' story of his humble birth, in explanation of his popularity, is said to be erroneous. His name is often given as Mings.
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− | The date of Myngs's birth is uncertain, but probably somewhere between 1620 and 1625. It is probable that he saw a good deal of sea-service before 1648. He first appears prominently as the captain of the ''Elisabeth'', which after a sharp action during the First Anglo-Dutch War brought in a Dutch convoy with two men-of-war as prizes. From 1653 to 1655 he continued to command the ''Elisabeth'', high in favour with the council of state and recommended for promotion by the flag officers under whom he served.[1]
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− | In 1655, he was appointed to the frigate ''Marston Moor'', the crew of which was on the verge of mutiny. His firm measures quelled the insubordinate spirit, and he took the vessel out to the West Indies, arriving in January 1656 on Jamaica where he became the subcommander of the naval flotilla there, until the summer of 1657. [1] In February 1658, he returned to Jamaica as naval commander, acting as a commerce raider during the Anglo-Spanish War. During these actions he got a reputation for unnecessary cruelty, sacking and massacring entire towns in command of whole fleets of buccaneers. In 1658, after beating off a Spanish attack, he raided the coast of South-America; failing to capture a Spanish treasure fleet, he destroyed Tolú and Santa Maria in present-day Colombia instead; in 1659 he plundered Cumaná, Puerto Caballo and Coro in present-day Venezuela.
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− | The Spanish government considered him a common pirate and mass murderer, protesting to no avail to the English government of Oliver Cromwell about his conduct. Because he had shared half of the bounty of his 1659 raid, about a quarter of a million pounds, with the buccaneers against the explicit orders of Edward D'Oyley, the English Commander of Jamaica, he was arrested for embezzlement and on the ''Marston Moor'' sent back to England in 1660. The later governor described him in an accompanying letter as "unhinged and out of tune".
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− | The Restoration government retained him in his command however, and in August 1662 he was sent to Jamaica commanding the ''Centurion'' in order to resume his activities, despite the fact the war with Spain had ended. This was part of a covert English policy to undermine the Spanish dominion of the area, by destroying as much as possible of the infrastructure. In 1662 Myngs decided that the best way to accomplish this was to employ the full potential of the buccaneers by promising them the opportunity for unbridled plunder and rapine. He had the complete support of the new governor, Lord Windsor, who fired a large contingent of soldiers to fill Myngs's ranks with disgruntled men. That year he attacked Santiago de Cuba and took and sacked the town despite its strong defences. In 1663 buccaneers from all over the Caribbean joined him for the announced next expedition. Myngs directed the largest buccaneer fleet as yet assembled, fourteen ships strong and with 1400 pirates aboard, among them such notorious privateers as Henry Morgan and Abraham Blauvelt, and sacked San Francisco de Campeche in February. The atrocities led to an outrage and Charles II of England was forced to forbid further attacks in April, a policy to be carried out by the new governor, Thomas Modyford. Nevertheless a pattern had been set and large buccaneer attacks on Spanish settlements, secretly condoned by the English authorities would continue till the end of the century, gradually laying waste to the entire region.
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− | During the attack on Campeche Bay Myngs himself had been severely wounded; in 1664 he returned to England to recover. In 1665 he was made Vice-Admiral in Prince Rupert's squadron. As Vice-Admiral of the White under the Lord High Admiral James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany, he flew his flag during the Second Anglo-Dutch War at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665, and for his share in that action received the honour of knighthood.
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− | In the same year he then served under Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, as Vice-Admiral of the Blue and after the disgrace of Montagu under the next supreme fleet commander, George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. He was on detachment with Prince Rupert's Green squadron, when on 11 June 1666 the great Four Days' Battle began, but returned to the main fleet in time to take part on the final day, and in this action when his flotilla was surrounded by that of Vice-Admiral Johan de Liefde he received a wound — being hit first through the cheek and then in the left shoulder by musket balls fired by a sharpshooter when his Victory was challenged by De Liefde's flagship, the Ridderschap van Holland — of which he died shortly after returning to London.[1]
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− | References:
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− | (1) a, b, c Chisholm 1911.
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− | Attribution:
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− | [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Myngs,_Sir_ChristopherChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Myngs, Sir Christopher". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.]
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− | Angust Konstam, Buccaneers 1620–1700, Oxford, 2000."
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− | "His successor as commander of the Jamaica squadron was one of the most distinguished and famous English seamen of his day. Commodore Christopher Myngs. Confidence in his ability had already been expressed in 1655 at the outbreak of unrest amonst seamen who had returned to England from Jamaica with Penn. They were fiercely resisting Cromwell's proposal to dispatch their ships back to the West Indies. Their agitation was at its most severe amongst the crew of the ''Marston Moor'', whose senior officers displayed reluctance to obey the order and whose men finally mutinied against the intention. The causes were the denial to them of any plunder from their previous voyage, the delay in paying their wages on return to England, and above all their general disillusionment and the frustration of their expectations of gain in the Spanish Indies. 'All their imaginary mountains of gold turned into dross', Myngs was appointed by the Admiralty to pacify the unrest, a difficult job successfully carried out through a mixture of firmness and cajolery where appropriate. He sailed to Jamaica as commander of the ''Marston Moor'' on 10 November 1655. His first service there was alongside Goodson in the raid on Rio de la Hacha and during the fruitless vigil at the entrance to the Florida Channel in the following year.
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− | Myngs too returned to England in 1657 and remained there until December whilst the ''Marston Moor'' was refitted. When he re-assumed his command in Jamaica on 2 March 1658, he was accompanied by six Dutch prizes that he had seized off Barbados on the charge of illegal trading. After lengthy investigation, and at the cost of considerable personal annoyance, only one of these was finally granted to him as a legitimate prize. His first actions in the West Indies as senior naval officer were characteristic of a period in which the joint activities of naval ships and privately fitted out privateers would become common..."<ref>Peter Bradley, ''British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century'' (Lampeter, 1999), p.194, citing 'Dyer, 'Christopher Myngs'. 173-187; Taylor, ''Western Design'', 133, 212-220; Haring, ''Buccaneers'', 97-99, 104-108; Pope, ''Buccaneer King'', 79-82, 92-99; Marley, ''Pirates'', 277-282</ref>
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− | <u>Other HCA references to Christopher Myngs in 1650s</u>
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− | [DEPOSITION OF] '''John Major''' of East Smith feild in the County of Middlessex Leiftenanant of the ''Elizabeth frigot'' in the immediate service of this Commonwealth aged five and twenty yeares" in the case of "The keepers of the Liberty of England by Authority of Parliament against the shipps mentioned in the schedule herunto annexed and the severall goods wares and merchandizes therein respectively taken and seized by the shipp named the ''Elizabeth ffrigot'' whereof Christofer Myngs was Master in the immediate service of this Commonwealth..."
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− | "...On or about the third day of this Instant October the arlate Captaine Christopher Mynye haveing espyed att sea about four leagues off deepe a ffleet of shipps consisting of twenty four sayle whereof the shipps hereafter specifyed were part that is to say The ''[?fflean]'' Boyde Peterson Master. The ''Hope'' Martin Mi[XX]dorson Master, The ''Gideon''. Gerdt ffal?cas Master. The ''[?Mercury]'' Jan de[?toire] Master The ''Hope'' Henry Caven Master. ''The [XXXXX]'' Clases Van?Reden Master. The ''ffortune'' ?Barnde van Danck Master. The ''ffortune'' Joachim ?Devok Master The ''Hope'' Henrdrick Martin Master. The ''King David'' ?Weitt Weittenson Master. The ''Salvator'' Henry Dorder Master. The ''Hope'' John Peterson Master. The ''Saint Anthony'' Zacharia [?Wild] Master. The ''ffortune'' Arient Ga[?llen?tyneMaster Master. The ''Mathew'' Claes [?Billiet] Master. The ''Golden Butt'' Hans Clasesin Master. The ''[?Car fange]r'' Bernt [?Carfanger] Master The ''King David'' Jacob Young Master. The ''Golden [?ffan]'' Peter Eppon Master. The ''Prophet'' Elias Simon Cornelias Master gave chase unto them from about nine of the Clock in the Morning untill two in the afternoone, and about that tyme came neer and allmost upp to the hindermost or Reare of them which this deponent knoweth being Leivetenant of the sayd shipp, and an eye witness of the premisses, And otherwise he cannot depose...."
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− | "
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− | |Ships=<u>The Marston Moore</u>
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− | ADD PARAGRAPH
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− | |Primary sources=<u>Captain Christopher Mings (Myngs)</u>
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− | '''Bodleian Library, Oxford'''
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− | "Original [subscribed & signed]Contents: Sir Christopher Mings hath brought in five prizes more,... and considerable ones;... so that, from this whole campagna, we are furnished with a good story to carry to the Parliament..."<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=161-msscarte_5&cid=2-96&kw=mings#2-96 Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts: Carte Papers (MS. Carte 45 - MS. Carte 48): Letters from Lord Arlington to the first Duke of Ormonde, on public affairs in England and Europe MS. Carte 46 1660-71: Arlington to Ormond: written from Sarum MS. Carte 46, fol(s). 207 23 September 1665], viewed 21/05/13</ref>
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− | '''TNA'''
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− | ADM 106/492/25 Captain Christopher Myngs, the St. Michael. Weekly account of men, provisions and stores. 17 January 1696
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− | ADM 106/492/73 Captain Christopher Myngs, the St. Michael. Weekly account of men, provisions and stores. 28 February 1696
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− | PROB 11/359/556 Will of Dame Rebekah Mings, Widow of Hertford, Hertfordshire. 05 May 1679
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− | SP 46/99/fo9 Cornelius Burroughs [Steward-General of the fleet at Jamaica] recommending assistance for Capt. Christopher Mings [Myngs]. 18 April 1658
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− | SP 82/11 Description: Lady Utricia [otherwise Hester] Swann to [Williamson]. Her husband having gone to Cuxhaven to procure from Sir Christopher Myngs a convoy for home-bound English merchant ships `which are verie rich'; encloses communication from Talbot to Arlington. Folio 13. Note: Endorsed `For your selfe' Date: 1666 Mar. 10/20 Hamburg
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− | SP 82/11 Description: Jollivet to [Williamson]. Transmits communication from Sir Godfrey Floyd to Swann, handed in by Lady Floyd, that he has obtained leave from duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg [-Celle] to resign (see f.9) and, following King's command signified to him by Arlington, is preparing his departure for England; he has permission to draw bill of exchange for over £200, Swann having passed word to a merchant [at Hamburg]. Myngs has gone, leaving behind most merchantmen, they could not join him `for contrary wind and sands'; those he has with him are laden with pipe staves [i.e. staves used for making casks, required by navy]. Folio 14 Date: 1666 Mar. 13/23 Hamburg
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− | SP 82/11 Description: Swann to Williamson. Merchant vessels `richly laden' with cloth and other commodities could not reach Myngs in time and are now awaiting another convoy. Has applied to Morrice for home leave of a month or six weeks to attend to personal affairs. Enclosesanother communication from Floyd `who is at present with me'. Folio 15. Note: Endorsed `For your selfe' Date: 1666 Mar. 24/Apr. 3 Hamburg
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− | SP 82/11 Description: Swann to Williamson. Myngs received Wrangel `handsomely' before his departure aboard his ship The Fayrefax. Thinks he has good reason to believe that Sweden will `keepe firm' to her league with England and will not allow Denmark to close the Sound especially to her ally; feels certain [elector of] Brandenburg has made `an ill bargain for himselfe' with Holland `especially if things were well managed on the other syde'; notwithstanding all reports, does not anticipate that bishop of Münster will make peace with Dutch or be induced thereto, being offered carte blanche by them; though being Catholic, he will be `constant' to a Protestant king. 800 Dutch, horse and foot, taken prisoner by bishop's army in Friesland, are being transferred to Münsterland, among them a captain Harris, Englishman, whom Swann knew well in Holland. Folio 16 Note: Endorsed `For your selfe' Date: 1666 Mar. 17/27 Hamburg
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