Difference between revisions of "Elias Beake"

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Biographical synthesis

Elias Beake (alt. Elias Vander Beke; Vander Beak) (b. ca. 1616; d. March 1667). Merchant.

Brother of Arnold Beake, who was six years older. Both Elias and Arnold Beake resided in 1666 in the parish of Saint George Botlph Lane, Billingsgate, appearing in the 1666 hearth tax returns in "Buttolph Lane West" in adjacent buildings (Arnoli Beake 9 hearths; Elias Beake 7 hearths).^[1] Elias was the uncle of Samuel Beake, who was Arnold Beake's son. There is a record of "Master Arnold Beake" resident in 1638 in the parish of Saint Botolph Billingsgate appriased at a rental of £15.^[2]

It is likely that Elias and Arnold Beake traded together, probably as partners, from at least 1651 until Elias death in 1667, and quite possibly prior to 1651. In 1666 Elias and Arnold Beake were factors in London of Samuel Beake, who was resident as a merchant stranger in Bordeaux. Samuel Beake had a very considerable trade in ships and goods, with factors in Rochelle and other places in France as well as at Cork and Dublin in Ireland.^[3]

Resident in 1651, 1659 and 1666 in London. His will, written in 1653, but proven fourteen years later on July 3rd 1667, gives his residence as Saint Olave Hart Street, London.^[4] Elias was buried on April 1st 1667 in a new vault in the church of the parish of Saint Olave Hart Street.^[5]

Arnold Beake (alt. Vander Beke) died circa nine years after his brother Elias in ca. 1675.^[6]The wording of Arnold's will suggests that he had been struggling with debts, though he still left reasonable legacies to a son and daughter- Whereas Elias did not name his children, Arnold Vander Beke mentioned his two sons, Samuel and Abraham, and an unmarried daughter, Sarah. His wife, Elizabeth, was living at his death. According to J.R. Woodhead, Arnold Beake was a common councilman for Billingsgate between 1656 and 1667.

The Beake brothers appear relatively frequently in HCA records in the 1650s and 1660s. These records, together with State Papers Domestic and the Letters of John Paige, show the Beake brothers trading in three areas - (1) Importing wine and french commodities from France to London and also to Ireland (2) Importing wine from the Canaries to London, and (3) Importing hemp and tar from Stockholm to London, in one case in return for coal from Newcastle. It is likely that the Beake brothers dealt primarily in wine, importing wine both from France and the Canary Islands and also purchasing wine from Dutch prize ships.^[7]

HCA records show that they were active in trading with Bourdeaux and other French ports, in commodities such as wine and vinegar. Arnold Vander Beke appears also to have partnered commercially with Peter Mathews, a London merchant, also in trade between London and France. There is also evidence in 1651 of Arnold Beake exporting coal from Newcastle to Stockholm in exchange for tar which he brought to London.^[8] and in 1653 of importing hemp andd tar, possibly in consort with the London merchant William Pennoyer.^[9] The London merchant John Paige, active in the London to Canary Island trade, had a commercial relationship with Arnold Beake, selling him goods in 1656.

The London merchant William Pennoyer appears to have had a close commercial relationship with the Beake brothers, importing tar and hemp to London and exporting wine from Bayonne to Flushing in association with the Beakes.^[10]

The London Van der Beke family may have had links to Antwerp, with a bishop of Antwerp, Lieven van der Beke, 1586-1595 ("Laevinus Torrentius").^[11] A Jan Vander Beke or Jan Verbeke appears in records of the Dutch church in London in the 1580s and 1590s. There is also a reference to a Gossett or Goosen Beke and a John vander Beke.^[12]

Evidence from High Court of Admiralty

Thirty three year old "Elias Beke" deposed on May 26th 1651 in support of the claim of Robert Hammond of London.^[13] Elias brother, Arnold Beake, also made a deposition in the same case.

Elias and Arnold Beake made personal answers in January 1655 in a High Court of Admiralty case concerning the ship the Saint John the Baptist (Master: John Claeson). The ship was a Dutch built ship, built in Holland or Zealand, taken as lawfull prize in late war between England and Dutch and sold by the Commissioners of the Prize Office. Arnold and Elias Beake and John Johns, all of London, merchants, bought the above ship ("Arnold & Elias Beake & Companie"). The ship and goods were seized by the Black Raven (Master: Robert Sedgwick). The goods seized were for the greatest part of the growth and manufactory of France, and were laded aboard by the factors and correspondents of the Beakes at Bayon, France. The factors were either Frenchmen or Dutchmen, subjects of the King of France. The vessel and goods was taken ca. March 1653, but were never brought to any adjudication or triall according to lawe, and were worth ca. 3000 pounds. At the time of the seizure many English had been impressed, so the Beakes also employed some "strangers" in their ship ("believe they were all or most of them Dansickers and Easterlings and such as were free persons"). The master of the ship "was a Dansicker and in amity with this Comonwealth"^[14]

On October 28th 1656 Elias Beake made personal answers in a libel against Elkias Beake and Peter Mathews. The libel was in the name of the mariners of the ship the James (Master: James Hedgethorne). Elias Beake stated that he had been the owner of one sixth of the ship.^[15]

Forty three year old Elias Beake deposed on August 22nd 1659 in the High Court of Admiralty touching the Old Tobias. He was deposed together with Christian Paul Sansen, a London merchant. The two men stated that Christian Paul Sansen owned half the Old Tobias and that Elias Beake and Arnold Beake together owned the other half of the same ship.^[16] Three and a half years later, in February 1663, there is an entry in a Treasury Entry Book regarding the import of French wines in the Old Tobias by Arnold Beake, Jo. Forster and others, London merchants.^[17]

Fifty year old Elias Beake deposed on November 19th 1666 regarding the ship the Swedish Lyon.^[18]

Comment on sources

1638

"Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Botolph, Billingsgate...Master Arnold Beake £15"^[19]

1649

C 10/3/51 Thomas Flood v Arnold Beake, Elias Beake and William Taylor: money matters, Middx 1649 Litigation

1651

"Tuesday, February 3rd 1651. The Narrative and Oath of Arnold Beake, Merchant, concerning his Freighting the Ship The Hope of Workham, Master Claus. Clauson.

THAT the said Arnold Beake, by Order and for the Account of Mr. James Sheppard, of Hull, English Merchant, did, in the Month of July last, freight the said Ship, then in the Thames, and then bound, for the State's Use, for Leeth in Scotland; to go from thence to Newcastle to lade Coals; and from thence to Stockholme, or thereabouts, to unlade the said Coals, and relade with Pitch or Tar, or such as the said Sheppard's Factor should lade aboard; and so to return for London.

That the said Ship being arrived at Stockholme, Sheppara's Factor did lett to Freight, about the Beginning of October last, to Mr. George Mawhood's Factor, 500 Ship-Pounds of Sweth Iron; and laded the Residue of the said Ship himself with Tar.

Merchants Complaints.

That the said Arnold Beake doth really believe, that the said Tar, so laden aboard the said Ship, was and is for the proper and only Account of the said James Sheppard:

That the Charter-Party for the said Ship was drawn in London, but signed at Newcastle; so that the said Beake hath not any Part thereof here to shew:

That the Quantity of Tar, so laden for Mr. Sheppard's Account, as aforesaid, was about One hundred and Eighty Lasts:

That the said Arnold Beake could not give timely Notice to the said Sheppard's Factor of the late Act for Increase of Shipping, by reason the Post is long by the Way to Stockholme: And that the Ship, about the Beginning of November last, did depart from Stockholme; nor doth he know that Shephard's Factor had any Notice of such Act by any other Means: All which, as aforesaid, the said Arnold Beake deposeth to be true.

Sworn before the Council, Arnold Beake,
31th December 1651, George Mawhood.
Gualt. Frost."^[20]

"Tuesday, December 30th 1651. The humble Petition of William Moore, Arnold Beake, and Peter Mathews, and of others, concerned by Insurance, was this Day read."^[21]

1652

"January 2nd 1652. Council of State. Day's Proceedings. 1. The confiscation of the ship Michael of Flushing, freighted from the Canaries with goods for Arnold Beake, Peter Mathews, and William Moore, and also of the said goods, suspended until the further pleasure of the House."^[22]

"September 17th 1652. 13. To write to the Customs' Commissioners to deliver to the Commissioners for sale of Dutch prizes the bond for 1,100l., entered into by Arnold Beake, on Council's permission given him to take up some French wines taken as prize, he promising to pay their value if adjudged prize, which they have since been."^[23]

1653

"June 16th 1653 Captain of the Lily and prize goods' officers at Plymouth. For Wm. Pennoyer and Arnold Beake, merchants of London, to import hemp, tar, &c. in prescribed proportions."^[24]

C 10/45/51 Edwards, Love v. Ruchworth, Beake, Elford: Middx 1653

1654

"June 30 1654 Prize Commissioners. The Admiralty Judges have by their decree restored to Peter Mathews and Arnold Beake 3/12ths and 1/16th part of the Dolphin, taken prize, and since employed by the State, without any appraisement being made; as she is now at Deptford, ask whether the State has any further use for her, that they may the better observe the said decree. Item 158."^[25]

"Sept. 5th 1654. 23. Petition of Wm. Pennoyer and Arnold Beake, merchants of London to the Protector. In May 1653, Remer Baggaert, of the Golden Lily of Flushing, laden with wine from Bayonne to Flushing, was taken and brought into Dover by some ships of the Commonwealth; and it being uncertain whether ships then stayed belonging to the United Provinces would be made prize, the Council of State, upon Baggaert's petition, gave order to the Commissioners of Customs to bring her into the Thames, and deliver the wine, which was perishable, being appraised, to the claimers, on security to answer the value in case it should be adjudged prize.

Baggaert thereupon desired the Customs Commissioners, in regard the price of such wine was well known, to prevent loss of time, and value it unseen, which was done, at the rate of 14l. per tun, which, exclusive of customs, amounted to 1,118l. 12s., and he gave a bond for payment. Baggaert then found that the wine, from long keeping at Dover for want of a convoy, was unfit for use, and thereupon went beyond sea, leaving petitioners engaged to pay the money at which it was valued. They petitioned the Council of State, representing the great alteration in the value since it had been in the custody of the State's officers, and that a greater part was still in their possession, and praying for another survey and appraisement. Council referred it to the Admiralty Committee, who appointed the Commissioners of Customs and Prize goods to value it, and they certified the wine to be only worth 12l. 10s. a tun, whereupon the Admiralty Committee referred it back to the Council of State. They remitted it back to the Admiralty Committee, who directed the Commissioners for Prize goods to certify what the French wines taken out of 4 other ships brought in at the same time were sold for. They certified that after the Commissioners had paid the customs and all other charges except excise, they were sold for 8l. 5s. a tun, but before the Admiralty Committee could send their opinion to the Council of State, Parliament was dissolved.

Petitioners then sent their petition to the Council of State established by the succeeding Parliament, who by their order of 28 Oct. last, referred it to the Commissioners of Customs, who returned a certificate, but before it could be read, Parliament again dissolved. Beg an order to the Commissioners for Prize goods to cause a new appraisement to be made, and to deliver up the bonds, and reimburse the petitioners their customs, charges, and expenses. With order granting the petition. [Copy, 1 sheet.]"^[26]

1655

"March 10th 1655. Comrs. for Prize Goods.. Adm. Com. Send copies of petitions and orders referred to them by the Protector, viz., of Mr. Eles, about linen at Plymouth, Wm. Pennoyer and Arnold Beake, about wines, and Mr. Sollicoffer, concerning the lading of the Peter. Have also received their order for sale of the linen in the 3 Kings at Plymouth, condemned by the Admiralty Court; but as the claimants have appealed, cannot sell. Item 77."^[27]

"Letters and Papers relating to the Navy, &c.: May 1655. May 10 1655. Major Robt. Sedgwick. Adm. Com. The St. John the Baptist, taken prize through hoisting Dantzic colours, was proved to be a Dutchman, and so adjudged by a Council of War, although laden with French goods; has never seen any writings showing that she belonged to Arnold Beake. Item 67"^[28]

1656

"113. to William Clerke
20 Jan. 1656
These are chiefly per covert to the enclosed bill of lading for 5,760 pipestaves, great tale, which were the 6,000 that were aboard Mr [Matthew] Smith [the Prosperous], so that either him, the lighterman, or the master of this ship, the Irish Merchant, Robert Hunter, have the 240 wanting. And of whom to demand them I know not. I am in hopes they are all aboard this ship, which may easily be seen for she carries none but this parcel. The bill of lading says you are to pay freight according to charter-party, which signifies nothing, they going upon Don Alonso de Molina's tonnage and consigned to his brother, Don Francisco de Molina, unto whom I have given order they may be delivered you. I had sent your goods in this ship but that I sold it [i.e. the goods] unto Mr Arnold Beak and company before your advice came, who sent it for Holland in a ship they have going for the Canaries, which now gives over their design. So yesterday they proffered me the goods again for the money it cost them. …
[P.S.] You are to pay no freight for the pipestaves. This letter is for their delivery"^[29]

1661

"Sep. 7 1661. 26. Declaration on oath by Christian Paul Santen and Elias Beake, that the value of the 148 bundles of hemp delivered at the Woolwich storehouse is 3,619l. 8s. [Adm. Paper.] ^[30]

1663

"Entry Book: February 1663. Same from same to the Customs Farmers to permit an entry of French wines imported in the "Old Tobias" by Arnold Beake, Jo. Forster and others, merchants in London, on payment of English custom according to the book of rates, aliens' duty being demanded because the master of the ship is a stranger. Early Entry Book IV., pp. 175–6.
Prefixing:—Note of petition from said Beake et al., and report thereon of the 12th inst. from the Customs Farmers."^[31]

1665

"November 28th 1665. 123. Petition of Thos. Chiffinch to the King, for a grant of such part of the estate of the late Maurice Vanlore of London, who died without will or heirs, as they can find in the hands of Arnold Beake, merchant of London, and — Cruso, who, on pretence of an account between them and Vanlore, took out letters of administration."^[32]

1666

PROB 11/321/361 Will of Elizabeth Vander Beake, Widow of Saint Swithin, City of London 31 July 1666

1667

PROB 11/324/440 Elias Vander Beke or Vander Beak Saint Olave art Street. 3rd July 1667

"Sep. 14. 1667. Whitehall. 26. Warrant to the Farmers of Customs to permit Arnold Beake, merchant, to import 300 tuns of Canary wine, the late proclamation against import of the said wines notwithstanding."^[33]

1670

C 10/176/15 Beak v. Beak: Middx. 1670

C 10/178/23 Beake v. Beake: Middx 1670

1671

C 10/105/106 Court of Chancery: Six Clerks Office: Pleadings before 1714, Whittington. Jacob Luce, Katherine Santen widow, Anne Beake widow and Solomon Morris v John Norris, John Wood, George Myris and William Watts: money matters, Middlesex. Bill and answer. 01 January 1671 - 31 December 1671 Litigation

C 10/107/19 Beake v. Beake. 1671

1673

C 6/206/4 Short title: Beake v Beake. Plaintiffs: Anne Beake widow, Elias Beake, Johanne Beake, Anne Beake and Sarah Beake. Defendants: Arnold Beake, Samuel Beake and Abraham Beake. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, two answers. 1673

1674

C 10/191/11 Beake v. Beake: Middx 1674

C 10/474/155 James Long and Benjamin Long v Arnold Beake: money matters, Middlesex. Bill only 1674

1675

PROB 11/348/295 Will of Arnold Vander Beke 22 July 1675

C 10/487/16 Beake v. Beake: Middx 1675

C 10/486/16 Beake v. Beake: Middx. 1675

1676

C 10/486/17 Whittington. Beach v. Withers, Beake: Middx. 1676

C 6/227/10 Short title: Beake v Hill. Plaintiffs: Samuel Beake, Philip Gawdy, Samuel Pycroft, Francis Michleburgh, Henry Cornwallis and William Cutlove. Defendants: John Hill and William Crane. Subject: property in Hales, Norfolk. Document type: bill, answer. 1676

1685

PROB 11/381/426 Samuel Beake Merchant Saint George and Saint Mary at Hill, City of London. 02 December 1685

Undated

"BEAKE (or VANDERBEAKE), Arnold
Co Co Billingsgate, 1656-67 St George Botolph, 1674, St Mary at Hill, 1675, in Billingsgate ward, 1640 (1) Will PCC 79 Dycer pr, 2 Jul 1675 Merchant, 1640, wine merchant, 1660 (2) Father of Samuel BEAKE (3)

(1) Will, PCC, PAB, 1675, MG et H, 2nd Ser, II, p 36 (2) MG et H, 2nd Ser, II, p 36, Cal Treas Bks, 1660-7, pp 231, 500 (3) Will

BEAKE, Samuel

Co Co Billingsgate, 1674-6 Corner of Botolph Lane and Love Lane, 1682, St George, Botolph, 1671, 1682 (1) Will PCC 146 Cann pr, 2 Dec 1685 f Arnold BEAKE (2) Merchant, Hamburg and Greenland trade (3) Personalty, 1682, £9,000+ (4)

1. ↑ 'Hearth Tax: City of London 1666, St George Botolph Lane ', in London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011), British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-hearth-tax/london-mddx/1666/st-george-botolph-lane [accessed 3 May 2017].
2. ↑ T C Dale, 'Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Botolph, Billingsgate', in The Inhabitants of London in 1638 (London, 1931), pp. 42-43. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-inhabitants/1638/pp42-43 [accessed 3 May 2017].
3. ↑ HCA 13/76 f.30r
4. ↑ PROB 11/324/440 Elias Vander Beke or Vander Beak Saint Olave Hart Street. 03 July 1667
5. ↑ The registers of St. Olave, Hart street, London, 1563-1700 (London, 1916), p.204
6. ↑ PROB 11/348/295 Will of Arnold Vander Beke 22 July 1675
7. ↑ 'Volume 24: September 1652', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1651-2, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1877), pp. 388-424. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1651-2/pp388-424 [accessed 3 May 2017].
8. ↑ 'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 3 February 1652', in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 7, 1651-1660 (London, 1802), pp. 79-83. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/pp79-83 [accessed 3 May 2017]
9. ↑ 'Warrants of the Council of State, Generals of the Fleet, &c', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1652-3, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1878), pp. 459-481. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1652-3/pp459-481 [accessed 3 May 2017].
10. ↑ 'Volume 76: September 1654', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1654, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1880), pp. 351-372. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1654/pp351-372 [accessed 3 May 2017].
11. ↑ The British Museum: The Ten Commandments
12. ↑ Returns of aliens dwelling in the city and suburbs of London from the reign of Henry VIII to that of James I"
13. ↑ Case: Claime of Robert Hammond of London: Deposition: 2. Elias Beke, of London, Merchant, aged 33: Date: May 26:th 1651
14. ↑ HCA 13/127 The personal answers of Arnold and Elias Beake of this Citty of London Merchants: Date: January 23 1654
15. ↑ Case: Libell against Elias Beake and Peter Mathews in the name of John Salter and others: Personal answeres: Elias Beake: Date: October 28:th 1656
16. ↑ HCA 13/73 f.734v
17. ↑ 'Entry Book: February 1663', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 1, 1660-1667, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1904), pp. 497-505. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol1/pp497-505 [accessed 3 May 2017].
18. ↑ HCA 13/76 f.30r
19. ↑ T C Dale, 'Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Botolph, Billingsgate', in The Inhabitants of London in 1638 (London, 1931), pp. 42-43. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-inhabitants/1638/pp42-43 [accessed 3 May 2017].
20. ↑ 'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 3 February 1652', in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 7, 1651-1660 (London, 1802), pp. 79-83. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/pp79-83 [accessed 3 May 2017].
21. ↑ 'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 30 December 1651', in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 7, 1651-1660 (London, 1802), p. 59. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/p59 [accessed 3 May 2017].
22. ↑ 'Volume 23: January 1652', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1651-2, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1877), pp. 89-128. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1651-2/pp89-128 [accessed 3 May 2017].
23. ↑ 'Volume 24: September 1652', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1651-2, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1877), pp. 388-424. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1651-2/pp388-424 [accessed 3 May 2017].
24. ↑ 'Warrants of the Council of State, Generals of the Fleet, &c', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1652-3, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1878), pp. 459-481. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1652-3/pp459-481 [accessed 3 May 2017].
25. ↑ 'Letters and Papers relating to the Navy, &c.: June 1654', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1654, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1880), pp. 501-514. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1654/pp501-514 [accessed 3 May 2017].
26. ↑ 'Volume 76: September 1654', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1654, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1880), pp. 351-372. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1654/pp351-372 [accessed 3 May 2017].
27. ↑ 'Letters and Papers relating to the Navy, &c.: March 1655', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1655, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1881), pp. 437-456. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1655/pp437-456 [accessed 3 May 2017].
28. ↑ 'Letters and Papers relating to the Navy, &c.: May 1655', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1655, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1881), pp. 471-489. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1655/pp471-489 [accessed 3 May 2017].
29. ↑ 'Letters: 1656', in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. 137-142. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/pp137-142 [accessed 3 May 2017].
30. ↑ 'Charles II - volume 41: September 1-19, 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1861), pp. 79-91. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas2/1661-2/pp79-91 [accessed 3 May 2017].
31. ↑ 'Entry Book: February 1663', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 1, 1660-1667, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1904), pp. 497-505. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol1/pp497-505 [accessed 3 May 2017].
32. ↑ 'Charles II - volume 137: November 15-30, 1665', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1864), pp. 58-81. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas2/1665-6/pp58-81 [accessed 3 May 2017].
33. ↑ 'Charles II - volume 217: September 12-26, 1667', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1667, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1866), pp. 458-485. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas2/1667/pp458-485 [accessed 3 May 2017].
34. ↑ J R Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', in The Rulers of London 1660-1689 A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (London, 1966), pp. 21-42. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-rulers/1660-89/pp21-42 [accessed 3 May 2017].